Gene Splicing - 1258 Words

The Future Evolution of Human: Gene Splicing Gene Splicing: Survival of the Fittest Long ago stories, legends, and myths were created describing humans who were infused with the body parts of animal. Creatures such as mermaids, centaurs, and Satyrs were placed into our minds and we could only imagine what it would be like to meet these creatures. They became so numerous that they were given a category, Anthropomorphism. Over time and with our knowledge of science increasing, body parts that may have been considered to be part of Anthropomorphism were explainable. Webbed hands and feet, humans being born with a tail; and even being born with an extra appendage like an extra toe or finger are no longer a disfiguring ailment. But what†¦show more content†¦Yet currently in western society we keep wasting resources as if they will never end. That is why we need to start looking at a merger between animals and man. The best of both worlds. The animal instincts and mans ability for adaption. The science to gene manipulation and gene splicing leads us back to the question, are we playing God? In a secular sense, yes, but what religion fails to see is that man and animal have had a connection that extends through our genetics. We share DNA with many animals, but certain DNA have long been turned off because we evolved to our current state. As Dr Marilyn Strathern was quoted as saying, â€Å"relatives are always a surprise and biotechnology extends the scope of kinship along with all of its social entailments.† (642) While religion asks that we not engage in this discussion, there will come a time when it must be discussed and a possible plan must be put in place for the end of humanity. All options must be considered, and gene splicing is one of those options. How would we achieve this chimera of man and animal? Both through nature and nurture, we have the means today to make it possible. Breeding of the species is one way. The best example of mixed breeding is the Liger. The half lion / half tiger can be bred and then created in a lab. While the breeding does not allow for the new animal to have children, the breeding creates a bigger and stronger animal than theShow MoreRelatedGenetic Modification : Recombinant Dna ( Rdna ) Technology Or Gene Splicing Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagesas recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology or gene splicing, has proven to be more precise, predictable and a better-understood method for the manipulation of genetic material than previously attained through conventional plant breeding. Agricultural applications of the technology have involved the insertion of genes of desirable agronomic traits into a variety of crop plants, and from a variety of biological sources. Examples include soybeans modified with gene se quence from a streptomyces species encodingRead MoreGenetically Modified Organisms : A Laboratory By Gene Splicing And Corn On The Cobb Essay1381 Words   |  6 PagesImagine that Sunday morning bacon smell is crafted in a laboratory by gene splicing and corn on the cobb was sprayed by herbicide that just created a new mega weed that might destroy all wheat on earth. Most of the food people eat in this world contains genetically modified organisms. If you haven’t thought about what was in your last meal, then you may need to start thinking about it. 92% of corn in America is genetically modified, and 94% of soybeans are created or modified in a lab. An estimatedRead MoreThe Physics Of Splicing And Splicing1446 Words   |  6 Pagesthe optics-based method offers several advantages such as the kinetic study of splicing and splicing inhibition, study of cis–trans alternative splicing, and rapid measurement of RNA splic-ing. The kinetics of pre-mRNA splicing and the effe ct of isoginkgetin on the splicing kinetics of the pre-mRNA at the single molecule level were analyzed. Because of their high temporal resolution and the ability to follow the splicing of individual pre-mRNA molecules, the optics-based methods provide the evidencesRead MoreRna Essay : Rna Self Splicing2297 Words   |  10 Pages Project I: RNA Self-Splicing Kit Fung (Klaus) Chan TA: Christopher Kampmeyer, Henry Sillin Lab Section: 1B T/R 4pm-7:50pm Group Member: Phuong (Nhu) Huynh Group Number: 13 Date Submitted: 4/23/2015 This is my own original work. If any portion of found not to be my own original work, I will accept zero points for this report in addition to whatever the Dean dictates. â€Æ' Abstract mRNA bears the role of accurately conveying genetic information from DNA into protein (Nature), but there is an extraRead MoreThe Roles Of DNA : The Development Of Complex Proteomes1892 Words   |  8 PagesThe development of complex proteomes without a comparable increase in gene number is due to the different patterns of splicing by the spliceosome machinery. Not only are there mechanics to consider with the spliceosome complex, but there is a kinetic component to splicing as well (Larochelle, 2017). When a DNA sequence is transcribed into a pre-mRNA sequence, it includes exons and introns, which are coding sequences and noncoding sequences respectively. The introns are removed through a two-stepRead MoreVirulence Factors Of Cryptoccus Neoformans1020 Words   |  5 Pagescloning and found that Cin1 is expressed as long (Cin1-L) and short (Cin1-S) isoforms due to alternate #6 intron splicing. Cin1 is essential for growth, uptake of lipophilic dye FM4-64, secretion of ureases and phospholipases, and virulence of the fungus. No Cin1 homolog proteins has been identified from other fungi but Cin1 exhibits sequence conservation including alternate intron splicing with human intersectin protein ITSN1, a critical endocytic protein involved in transport, actin dynamics, andRead MorePotential Benefits in Inequality? The Protective Role of U1 snRNP700 Words   |  3 PagessnRNPs in cells. U1 snRNP has been found to functions other than splicing, namely in protecting pre-mRNA from premature cleavage and polyadenylation. This protective role may account for its increased levels within cells. In eukaryotic cells, pre-mRNA undergoes extensive post-transcriptional modifications to become mature mRNA. The modifications to pre-mRNA include 5’ end capping, 3’ end cleavage and polyadenylation, and the splicing of introns (Gu and Lima, 2005). The spliceosome is a large RNA-proteinRead MoreTranscription And Translation Of Rna Splicing1429 Words   |  6 Pageschromosome consists of millions of base pairs, some of which are called genes. In humans, a single gene may be on average around 10 to 50 thousand base pairs long. [1] When a gene is expressed, a specific protein is produced. The first step in this process is called transcription where the enzymes use one of the DNA strands within a gene as a template to produce a messenger RNA or mRNA. The next step in the process is translation. RNA splicing is an important step in creating the mRNA that is involved in proteinRead MoreWhat Makes A Gene?1512 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is a gene? The definition of what constitutes a gene has developed throughout history in light of new research and information. In generic terms, a gene is part of a living organism having influence on observable and non-observable characteristics by transfer of genetic information from parent to offspring. The structure of a gene is widely accepted as a sequence of nucleotides consisting of four bases Adenine, Cytosine, Thymine and Guanine. Three bases together determine an amino acid andRead MoreA Research Study On Genetic Engineering Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagesthe assimilation of science and cells, organisms, parts thereof, and molecular referents for services and products. 4. Chromosome A DNA-containing figure, situated in the cells of the majority of living things which grasps most of the creature s genes. Chromosomes are usually observable under a bright microscope when the cell is experiencing  mitosis  that is cell division. The full chromosome encompassing both combined sister chromatids develops visible just in the course of a series of mitosis recognized

Shakespeare s King Lear Appearances - 1704 Words

In Shakespeare’s King Lear appearances are not always reflective of reality. While in many scenes throughout the play characters are disguised, their identities concealed behind a physical shroud, the theme of appearances versus reality runs much deeper, making the lines between love and hate, foolishness and wisdom, and cruelty and innocence ambiguous to both the characters and the audience. As the play progresses, a veil of ignorance seems lift, elucidating the truth of each matter to the characters and to the audience. As the curtain rises, appearances immediately rush in to cloud the truth. In the very first scene of the play King Lear announces he will divide his Kingdom amongst his daughters, awarding portions of the land based upon their professions of love unto him. First to speak is the eldest, Goneril, and what she says seems to Lear an honest statement of adoration: Sir, I love you more than word can wield the matter, Dearer than eyesight, space, and liberty, Beyond what can be valued, rich or rare, No less than life, with grace, health, beauty, honor; As much as child e’er loved, or father found; A love that makes breath poor, and speech unable. Beyond all manner of so much I love you. (1:1 60-67) While by all appearances her words do portray an image of strong filial affection, her feelings, the audience later discovers, are masked by a veil of greed. In her protestation, Goneril says that her feelings of love are â€Å"Beyond what can be valued,† however, the trueShow MoreRelated Shakespeare?s 10 things Essay1200 Words   |  5 PagesMetaphors of death-King Lear, Merchant of Venice, Othello 3. Humor- A Midsummer Nights Dream, As You Like It 4. Pastoral settings- Ling Lear, A midnight Summers Dream 5. Madness and insanity- Othello, Midnight Summer?s Dream, King Lear 6. Reversal- the main character falls from a high place 7. Letters- King Lear, Merchant of Venice 8. Things are not as they appear- King Lear, Merchant of Venice, Midsummer Night?s Dream 9. The Father/Daughter Conflict-Midsummer, King Lear, Merchant of VeniceRead MoreThe Tragedy Of King Lear1347 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tragedy of King Lear: William Shakespeare, a playwright of the 1600 s, has been well known for writing many plays and poems. His play titled The Tragedy of King Lear is remembered globally and is learned in many schools today. A continuous theme in King Lear is a disguise, which consists of many different forms. There are physical, manipulative, and figurative disguises. In the beginning of the play, characters already fall into this category. In the first act, King Lear is at old age andRead More Tragic Figures in King Lear by William Shakespeare Essay1332 Words   |  6 PagesGood/Evil in King Lear      Ã‚  Ã‚   King Lear, by William Shakespeare, is a tragic tale of filial conflict, personal transformation, and loss.   The story revolves around the King who foolishly alienates his only truly devoted daughter and realizes too late the true nature of his other two daughters.  Ã‚   A major subplot involves the illegitimate son of Gloucester, Edmund, who plans to discredit his brother Edgar and betray their father.   With these and other major characters in the play, Shakespeare clearlyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1550 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: By facilitating the growth of evil within William Shakespeare’s King Lear, it is evident that the tragedy’s protagonist, King Lear can be held accountable for his own victimization and ultimate downfall. The most notable aspects of this self-induced victimization include Lear’s own lack of practical wisdom and divergence from the natural order, combined with the neglect of kingship, that enables Lear as a tragic hero to create the conceptual framework in which the ulterior motives ofRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear1564 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is universally known for his literary output both in poetry and drama. Whether through his laugh-invoking comedies or his heart-wrenching tragedies, Shakespeare’s plays have changed the course of literature. Many of his plays about love are widely praised by all, but Shakespeare s King Lear differs from the rest due to its definition of love. King Lear serves as an battleground between decept ion and compassion, between flattery and honesty. Rather than focusing on romantic loveRead MoreSympathy Seeking : A Thousand Acres From Shakespeare s King Lear2906 Words   |  12 PagesTallamraju Ms. Laura Fitch AP English 12 1 April 2015 Sympathy-Seeking: The Alteration of Characters and their Circumstances To Manipulate Audience Sympathy in Smiley’s A Thousand Acres from Shakespeare’s King Lear There are few names as commonplace, ubiquitous, and recognizable as that of William Shakespeare. His enchanting story telling, complex plot twists, and brilliant usage of rhetoric make it easy to understand why connoisseurs of the English language are devotees to his style of writing. HoweverRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s King Lear2504 Words   |  11 PagesLear s endeavor gets revitalized with every generation that hears the saga, whether from myths, fairy tales, or from King Lear itself. A timeless story, King Lear remains one of Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies for its universal themes involving communication, morality, and family. The fall of characters in King Lear presents audiences with the frailty a community can exhibit from rulers’ pride. Stressing this message, Shakespeare mirrors the main plot surrounding Lear s family with the sub-plotRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Midsummer Night s Dream And Fool1401 Words   |  6 PagesThe Shakespearean fool is a rec urring character type in the works of William Shakespeare. While their individual personalities and functions differ from play to play, the reoccurrence of the Shakespearean fool suggests that fools serve as an important institution of the Shakespearean stage. But what is the role of the Shakespeare’s fools in his works? And how do particular characteristics about these fools help them achieve this purpose? Through an in-depth analysis of Shakespeare’s arguably twoRead MoreBlindness By William Shakespeare s King Lear2212 Words   |  9 PagesMaysoun Deeb Mr. A. T. Lebar EN4UN-04 13 July 2015 King Lear Blindness by definition, according to dictionaries, is â€Å"unable to see and lacking the sense of sight† by which King Lear, the classic tragic play written by William Shakespeare, illustrated the concept of blindness amongst his characters as the leading theme. King Lear and Gloucester were the characters that have been conflicted by this â€Å"blindness† that may or may not change their personalities in the very end of the play. Gloucester becomesRead MoreShakespeares Use of Madness as a Theme in King Lear2035 Words   |  9 Pages Edgar first assumes the disguise of Poor Tom as Lear and the Earl of Gloucester enter the cave in which Edgar is hiding. Since Edgar was banished, similar to Kent, who is also present later in this act, he must conjure up a disguise. Why does Edgar chose the repulsive beggar that Poor Tom is? Well, remember that Poor Tom represents the popular belief of the insane during the Elizabethan era. Therefore, he is the perfect disguise. No one would ever suspect Poor Tom of being Edgar, because Edgar is

Facilitation and Education Skills Practice Development

Question: Discuss about the Facilitation and Education Skills for Practice Development. Answer: Nurses work in an environment where they experience numerous issues. These issues may affect the client and the quality of care. These problems can create tension between the staff and also negatively affect the morale, relationships and productivity. Nurses all over the world are challenged to adapt and change to meet the needs of the populations they serve. Over the past two decades nursing is has been a part of the movement that had gone through a lot of change. It was realized only in the mid 90s that knowledge was not enough but transformation of this knowledge in the clinically useful form is needed for better patient outcomes. In the report Future of nursing it is clearly mentioned that it is crucial that we focus on the convergence of quality, new functions and knowledge in nursing. In this essay we would look into the clinical issue of medication administration errors and how an understanding of adult learning theory may assist the facilitation of practice development in thi s clinical issue. We will also learn how facilitation can assist in approaching this issue. Medication administration errors (MAEs) is a scenario that not only costs in financial terms but it can also cost a patient life. These errors can range from inaccurate dosage, missed dosage, wrong timing and dose omission. According to a study done in the US medication administration errors are responsible for about 7000 preventable deaths each year. According to study conducted by Berdot, et al in the year 2012 medication errors do occur in healthcare fields such as anesthesia and medicine but shockingly they are fairly common in nursing(Berdot, 2012). The consequences of these errors are not limited to the patient but can affect the health professional that is involved in these types of medication administration error. Professionals who commit these errors are at a high risk of psychological issues and distress and have been reported to suffer episodes of self-harm. These errors occur in 20% of doses in hospitals worldwide(Cho, 2014). In case of medication errors data from Nationa l Patient Safety Agency shows that 1 out of 10 patients experience drug related harm. MAEs are reported to be second in risk areas that account for unnecessary harm to the patients in the study conducted by Lap Fung Tsang, Tak Kwan Yuk, So Yuen Alice Sham titled How to change nurses behavior leading to medication administration errors using a survey approach in United Christian Hospital(Tsang, 2014). They stressed that nurses spend one third of their time on medication administration activities. Over the past decade many educational researchers and psychologists have developed many theories to explain how adults acquire, deploy and organize knowledge and skills. Given that medical education involves adults it is quite logical to focus on adult learning theories to assist in approaching this clinical issue. The facilitation of the learning process involves assisting adults to act and make sense of occupational, political, personal and social environment. Learning can be defined as a permanent change in the mental processing, emotional behavior and emotional functioning as a result of an experience. This is dynamic lifelong process through which the individual acquires new skills or knowledge and alter their feelings, attitudes, actions and thoughts. Whether the learning theories are used in combination or they are used singly they have too much to offer to healthcare. Medical administration errors are often human errors (Ebrahimipour H, 2016).Human activities are cognitive activities. Therefore it is not surprising to say that human errors occur due to the inadequate processing of information in cognitive tasks. Thus the use of cognitive learning theory for the prevention of medication administration errors is well understood. Cognition as the word means is the process of thought. Cognitive psychologists believe that learning process is an internal process that focuses on consciousness, thinking, organizing and understanding (Owen, 2016).Cognitive leaning theory can help in reducing medication administration errors as learning is not done by only changing behavior. But according to Wertheimer and other Gestalt psychologists memorizing is an ineffective method to learn, as it wont work in real life. Instead according to them the real learning occurs through discovery and understanding of the underlying issues. Bruner define the cognitive learning process with three modes that are practical, abstract and visual. For example if a nursing student is being taught about blood pressure monitoring without being told about the importance of normal blood pressure they would learn this in an inactive stage(Collins, 2013).Thus for future they would get an image of a rubber pump, with numerous tubes as an image for taking blood pressure as they motion through the process. In comparison the student who reaches each stage gradually can define blood pressure, knows its importance and would even know the effect of environmental resistance. Why we think that medical errors are more of a cognitive errors it is because cognitive factors are important in medical errors. For example sometimes when medical administration errors occurs due to human computer interaction, in which the cognitive factors of interactions between a hu man and a computer affect the human behavior. Another level at which these MAEs occur are when the social dynamics in a group of people in a distributed cognitive system is interacted with complex technology(LYNCH, 2011). The issue arises when the computer support and distributed cognitive functions due not work to result in a positive cooperative work. There are other factors like communications, organizational structure, standardization of work, national regulations, institutional functions (guidelines and policies) and coordination that can lead to MAEs. Gestalt theory is called the leader of cognitive theories as this theory support the learning process through presentation of images or information that contain elements and gaps and should not fit properly (Weant, 2014).This will make the learner use their problem solving skills and critical thinking. Therefore the learner will not get answers easily but they must examine in order to find the answer. This theory purports that individual strategies will teach the learner to discover what was blocking them from further learning something new. Other theories are all derived from Gestalt theory of cognitive development. The individual that is administering the medicine is at the last of the chain and often these are nurses (Taylor, 2013)Although they may not be the root cause of these MAEs they can successfully stop the error at this individual stage through the help of cognitive interventions. Here metacognition helps which is about thinking about our thinking which states that we shou ld intervene in our thinking process and should rethink about the action. The goal here is to train our mind into recognizing inappropriate cognitive steps or shortcuts and immediately correct the course of thinking or action. What do cognitive theories have to say about adult learning and why facilitation and practice development crucial for adult learning. Although the cognitive stages are developing sequentially when we grow but some adults may not reach the operational stage. For these adults explicitly concrete approaches are needed. This is where practice development and facilitation helps. Practice development is a continuous process of developing person centered culture. For adult learners the question of why the thing that they are learning is important is crucial. In an adult learning atmosphere instructors have a facilitator role rather than being a teacher or lecturer. A facilitator can be described as a guide to learning and less of a transmitter of knowledge. Facilitat ors allow the adult learners to learn on their terms by only steering them towards critiquing, analyzing and assessing information. Many gerontologists and adult development psychologists support this as they say that adults have advanced stages of reasoning that are beyond formal operational stages. For example only when we are adults we are able to synthesize information, effectively integrate it and contradict it. This fully supports the facilitation process in adult learning as facilitators are allowing the adult learners to learn on their terms by only steering them towards critiquing, analyzing and assessing information. Thirdly the adult learners have experience which is demonstrated in their level of reasoning. Practice development is enabled by the facilitators who engage the teams and individuals to blend their creative imagination and personal qualities with practice wisdom and practice skills. (Rezaei-Adaryani, 2012) A significant advantage of cognitive theory in a healthcare setting is its recognition and appreciation of diversity and individuality about the learning process of different people. These theories highlight the variation in learners active structuring of their perceptions. But the challenge that comes with these theories for the facilitators and educators is that they have to identify each and every learners cognitive development and social influences that is affecting their learning (Karimi Moonaghi, 2014).For nursing these adult learning theories and practice development can help in reducing errors such as MAEs. According to the data from UK alone it was seen that 9 % of inpatients who experience drug related harm suffer needlessly as there harm was preventable. These MAEs are costing millions to the healthcare organizations. Practice development for double checking is a practice that can help in reducing these errors. Many times nurses fail to double check the doses as it is time consuming, which discourages them to take responsibility for the medicines (Seidling, 2013).A facilitator can discuss with nurses how double checking would reduce errors on their part(Chang, 2011).They have to make sure that the RN or physician that they are going to get it double checked is not only glancing and agreeing for the dose but is actually paying attention to the dosage. This would be called talking each other through the mistakes. This would ensure that the nurses that are administering the drugs would be more confident and therefore more happier.(Dror, 2011) Practice development is getting recognized worldwide in using a systematic approach to deliver a person centered care and to transform work cultures. In healthcare and nursing there are cultures that either impede or invite participation from patients and health professionals. Through the practice development methods everyone involved gets an opportunity to participate. In a healthcare setting practice development takes into consideration the enabling factors and attributes of the workplace and also consider the clinical issue in order to provide effective and safe healthcare. For MAEs facilitators have to cooperatively inquire about the nurses schedule inquiring about their workload, shift timings etc. This would help them in understanding the factors that are contributing to these MAEs. Strategies such as providing critical constructive feedback for oneself would help in self-learning. This will give the participant an ability to evaluate. This could be done in a group or individually (Kolanowski, 2015). These group sessions can include debate and lively sessions alongside quite session for personal critical reflection. This kind of environment would provide challenge but with high support, receiving feedback would promote critical reflection. Facilitation is multifaceted and has to be robust and enlightening to the participants. The fundamental factor for any facilitation process for adults is the use of adult learning theories or principles in exploration and participation in a challenging but safe learning environment. The facilitators have the job of working with the staff to become unified and to make sense of their turbulent, and complex workplace (Vaughn, 2015).Through these sessions the nurses are exposed to their learning needs and are reviewed how they can use learning styles to address these needs. The concept of using facilitation, practice development and adult learning theories for MAEs has face validity and still a lot of research is needed to determine whether interventions really have significant effect in reducing these errors. As information related to medication errors is sensitive and not always reported. Therefore the accuracy of the data can never be believed (Westbrook, 2015).There is an abundance of chance in the healthcare setting for medication errors therefore there is a need for f undamental directive that can improve the safety of patients worldwide. Bibliography Berdot, S. S. (2012). Evaluation of drug administration errors in a teaching hospital. BMC Health Services Research, 45-51. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221695696_Evaluation_of_drug_administration_errors_in_a_teaching_hospital Chang, Y. a. (2011). Effects of Learning Climate and Registered Nurse Staffing on Medication Errors. Nursing Research, 32-39. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49654354_Effects_of_Learning_Climate_and_Registered_Nurse_Staffing_on_Medication_Errors Cho, I. P. (2014). Understanding the Nature of Medication Errors in an ICU with a Computerized Physician Order Entry System. PLoS ONE, 114243.https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/13581057/4272266.pdf?sequence=1 Collins, A. a. (2013). Cognitive control over learning: Creating, clustering, and generalizing task-set structure. Psychological Review, 190-229. https://ski.clps.brown.edu/papers/CollinsFrank_psyrev.pdf Dror, I. S. (2011). A cognitive perspective on technology enhanced learning in medical training: Great opportunities, pitfalls and challenges. Medical Teacher, 291-296. Ebrahimipour H, H. S. (2016). Evaluation of Medication Errors by Nurses in Hospitals Affiliated with Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Patient Saf Qual Improv, 400-404. https://psj.mums.ac.ir/article_7168_326dfedb7bf4183d8e7b678dc7ca04b2.pdf Karimi Moonaghi, H. A. (2014). A Qualitative Content Analysis of Knowledge Storage in Nursing Education System.l. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal, 65-67. www.jblearning.com/samples/0763752258/52258_CH02_Roux.pdf Kolanowski, A. V. (2015). "Wish we would have known that!Communication Breakdown Impedes Person-Centered Care. The Gerontologist, 55(Suppl 1), S50-S60. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/278046808_Wish_we_would_have_known_that_Communication_Breakdown_Impedes_Person-Centered_Care Laird, E. M. (2015). Patients experiences of in-hospital care when nursing staff were engaged in a practice development programme to promote person-centredness: A narrative analysis study. International Journal of of Nursing Studies,, pp.1454-1462. https://www.fons.org/Resources/Documents/Journal/Vol3No1/IDPJ_0301_02.pdf LYNCH, B. M. (2011). Development of a model of situational leadership in residential care for older people. Journal of Nursing Management, 1058-1069. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.470.4720rep=rep1type=pdf Owen, L. (2016). Emerging from physiotherapy practice, masters-level education and returning to practice: a critical reflection based on Mezirows transformative learning theory. International Practice Development Journal, 1-9. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/310405919_CRITICAL_REFLECTION_ON_PRACTICE_DEVELOPMENT_Emerging_from_physiotherapy_practice_masters-level_education_and_returning_to_practice_a_critical_reflection_based_on_Mezirow%27s_transformative_learning_theo Rezaei-Adaryani, M. S. (2012). Nursing image: An evolutionary concept analysis. Contemporary Nurse, 81-89. Seidling, H. L. (2013). Safeguarding the process of drug administration with an emphasis on electronic support tools. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 25-36. Taylor, D. a. (2013). Adult learning theories: Implications for learning and teaching in medical education: AMEE Guide No. 83. Medical Teacher, 1561-e1572. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256447746_Adult_learning_theories_Implications_for_learning_and_teaching_in_medical_education_AMEE_Guide_No_83 Tsang, L. Y. (2014). How to change nurses behavior leading to medication administration errors using a survey approach in United Christian Hospita. Journal of Nursing Education and Practice, 78-82. www.sciedu.ca/journal/index.php/jnep/article/download/4826/3323 Vaughn, S. M. (2015). The Competency Model for Professional Rehabilitation Nursing. Rehabilitation Nursing, pp.33-44. https://www.rehabnurse.org/uploads/files/pdf/2016/RNJ225.pdf Weant, K. B. (2014). Strategies for reducing medication errors in the emergency departmen. Open Access Emergency Medicine, 45. https://www.dovepress.com/strategies-for-reducing-medication-errors-in-the-emergency-department-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-OAEM Westbrook, J. L. (2015). What are incident reports telling us? A comparative study at two Australian hospitals of medication errors identified at audit, detected by staff and reported to an incident system. International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 1-9.

The Influence of music on worker productivity Essay Example For Students

The Influence of music on worker productivity Essay The Influence of music on worker productivity Convenience Sampling will be used for my research paper to focus on studying whether participants who are randomly available and open to contribute to the study. This study will generalize the population because every person is effected by music in one way or the other. I would focus on having an open age group because I am interested to test the effects of music as well as binaural beats to children all the way up to the elder population. I might encounter some ethical issues of using binaural beats on children based on the fact that most of the population is not fully ware of what it is or what it does to people. Does the sample generalize to the population? Explain why or why not. What inclusion criteria would be used? What exclusion criteria would be used, if any? What ethical issues might be encountered when collecting your information from this sample? We will write a custom essay on The Influence of music on worker productivity specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Emotional responses to music: The need to consider underlying mechanisms http:// Research indicates that people value music primarily because of the emotions it evokes. Yet, the notion of musical emotions The BASES Expert Statement on the Use of Music in Exercise http://www. Asses. Org. UK/Music-in-Exercise Music use by exercisers and athletes has become commonplace but selection of music is often intuitive rather than scientific. For this reason, sport and exercise scientists have considered the role of evidence-based music prescription for physical activity. PAP 02014 American Psychological Association http://essence. Pap. Org/psyching/1996-93458-001 This study examined relations between stereo headset use and employee work responses. IMPLICATIONS OF MUSIC AND BRAIN RESEARCH http://www. Unappeased. Org/PDF/Housemistresses. PDF Music is the hallmarks of what it means to be a human being. Open Access Music Journals http://www. Lib. Music. Deed/music-library/open-access-music-]urinals The Influence of music on worker productivity By maxing this work for larger companies? . Does the choice of genres matter to each employee? HRS Magazine: Working to the Beat http://www. Shirr. Org/Publications/heartwarming/Directionality/Pages/strainer- Music interscholastic Disparities is a hands on study about the direct effects of allowing their employees to listen to whatever radio station they whose hoses the way of giving each person their own set of headphones. These headphones were connected to the built inner system of several stations that they coul d choose randomly. Steve Bars,Bareheaded the study wanted to make the workspace as comfortable as possible so that their employees looked forward to being there. The managers at MAX, mammas-end designer of remote controls found that the overall moral of the environment changed once each employee was free to feel free! A. How does music directly effect different subjects in school? Does Music REALLY help? Http://Depreciations mWACioMuumuunsDeed1unsafelyclibertarianismsMuDisreputablenessA HTML sampling of students were chosen from the Western College Program listening to this list of selections all while given several math problems: Classical Music Genre : Bach Country Music Genre : Garth Brooks Pop rock Music Genre : JustinJustinerTimberlinerock Music Genre : Intellectualism Genre : Newly Nonlinearity goes on to explain how different types of genres do effect the productivity because of the connection of where each type of music has in our life experience. They go on to state that the inner child comes out of each individual and the whimsical view on life is directly connected to how a type of music makes you feel. They also state that your short term memory is used less while listening to music, and spatial-temporal reason which is a neurological process is activated more while listening to any rhythm. A. 2. Does Binaural Auditory beats sound like hocus pocus? Does it effect children the same way? How can we educate more people about the pros of using these beats? .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948 , .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948 .postImageUrl , .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948 , .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948:hover , .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948:visited , .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948:active { border:0!important; } .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948:active , .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948 .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua9043f1009e7cea5f4a12bb30b2e1948:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Musical Theater EssayBinaural www. neuroaNeuroticallybiComral. HTML Betrayal auditory beats increase mood, and vigilance performance when two pure auditory signals off safari frequency are varied together. Each waveforms produces a phase interference that composite a signal frequency between midway upper and lower frequencies. If you mix tones of 110 Hzs manhoods Hzs withys signal of 105 Hzs, righting and falling indeterminateness creates a modulated composite signal that produced which is label an auditory beat.

Bachs Brandenburg Concerto No.5 Essays

Bachs Brandenburg Concerto No.5 Essays Bachs Brandenburg Concerto No.5 Paper Bachs Brandenburg Concerto No.5 Paper Bach’s Brandenburg Concerto no. 5 Overview: This baroque concerto is composed by Johann Sebastian Bach, the famous baroque composer of his time. This work is the fifth of six concertos the composer dedicated to Christian Ludwig, Margrave of Brandenburg. This piece showcases Bachs inimitable strength as a contrapuntist. Bach’s music has flexibility in its form and influence, but still retaining the constraints of the form of baroque music. He blended Italian and German music in these concertos, giving them a distinctive touch. This fifth concerto is made distinctive by the flute, solo violin, harpsichord, and strings. It is the only one of the six pieces to have any solo given to the harpsichord, which is part of the continuo throughout the other works. Elements like the rhythm and texture are of great importance as displayed in the playing of this wonderful piece. Description of the piece: The music composed in this piece is music that is both sublime and entertaining. There are three movements in this piece itself. The first movement started with a lively and upbeat melody. A cadenza was featured in the first movement. The harpsichord is given a very important part as both a solo and the bass part. The harpsichord also seemed to be holding the piece together, supporting the other instruments. In the second part of the first movement, there are episodes whereby the other instruments gave their limelight to the harpsichord. At the end of the movement, the other soloists actually supported the free-flowing harpsichord line. The unique thing about this movement is the tension felt between all the solo instruments and the string ensemble. Beauty and elegance is what the second movement is all about. The sound of the harpsichord is heard in the beginning of the second movement, followed by the flute and violin soloists. The second movement is for the soloists only, the flute, violin and harpsichord all playing with a sense of cooperation, portraying sombreness. It is soothing and free of the first movement’s tension. The final movement is brief compared to the first movement. This movement is more like a dance, enchanting and cheerful with the influence of the fugue. Analysis of the piece: The three movements of fast-slow-fast are present. In the opening movement, the ritornello is overwhelmed by the soloist which is usually the tutti ensemble. It is like a sort of competition between different parties, with the tutti versus soloists, and also soloists against soloists. The harpsichord wins. The first movement plays in the major key, with a sense of vivace. The overall dynamics which is ideal for describing this movement is allegro con fuoco. A touch of legato is present in the second movement; adagio, largo can be used to describe the tempo of this particular movement. The last movement is mostly polyphonic as it is influenced by distinct fugal powers. The subject is introduced and it is then repeated by another instrument. It sounded like a second voice imitating the first voice, accelerando at some point of time. It ended on a major chord. The overall tempo of the final movement is presto. The main instruments playing are the violin, flute and the harpsichord. Rhythm is constant throughout this whole piece, this baroque concerto piece used the quadruple meter. Pitch and texture varies throughout the music piece as well. Reflection of this piece: The presence of strong contrast and opposition of sonorities made this piece remarkably wonderful. The second movement is slow and restful. This is a prodigious irony, considering how the tensions of the concerto form were exploded in the first with so much zest, in which the restricted form is somehow abandoned at that brief moment. The final movement is my favourite movement as it made me feel like doing a lively dance. It gives a sense of freedom and joviality. Overall, I find this piece of music a rather enchanting piece with a balance of melancholy and exuberance.

7 Myths and Misconceptions About Serial Killers

7 Myths and Misconceptions About Serial Killers Much of the information that the public knows about serial murderers has come from Hollywood movies and television programs, which have been exaggerated and dramatized for entertainment purposes, resulting in a significant amount of misinformation. But its not only the public that ​has  fallen prey to inaccurate information concerning serial killers. The media and even law enforcement professionals, who have limited experience with serial murder, often believe the myths generated by the fictional portrayals  in movies.​ According to the FBI, this can hinder investigations when there is a serial killer loose in the community. The FBIs Behavioral Analysis Unit has published a report, Serial Murder - Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives for Investigators, which attempts to dispel some of the myths about serial killers. According to the report, these are some of the common myths about serial killers: Myth: Serial Killers Are All Misfits and Loners Most serial killers can hide in plain sight because they look just like everyone else with jobs, nice homes, and families. Because they often blend into society, they are overlooked. Here are some examples: John Eric Armstrong  confessed to killing prostitutes in Dearborn Heights, Michigan, and to 12 other murders that he committed around the world while he was in the Navy. He was a  former U.S. Navy sailor  known for being a good neighbor, who was a committed husband and devoted father to his 14-month-old son. He worked at Target retail stores and later with the Detroit Metropolitan Airport refueling airplanes.  Dennis Rader, known as the BTK Killer, murdered 10 people in Wichita, Kansas, over a 30-year period. He was married with two children, a Boy Scout leader, employed as a local government official and was the president of his church congregation.Gary Ridgway, known as the Green River Killer,  confessed to killing 48 women over a 20-year period in the Seattle, Washington, area. He was married, held the same job for 32 years, attended church regularly and read his Bible at home and work.Robert Yates  killed 17 prostitutes in the 1990s in the Spokane, Washington, area. H e was married, had five children, lived in a middle-class neighborhood and was a decorated U.S. Army National Guard helicopter pilot. Myth: Serial Killers Are All White Males The racial background of known serial killers generally matches the racial diversification of the overall U.S. population, according to the report. Charles Ng, a native of Hong Kong, China, possibly tortured and killed as many as 25 people with his partner, Robert Lake.Derrick Todd Lee, a black man from Louisiana, killed at least six women in  Baton Rouge.Coral Eugene Watts, a black man from Michigan, known as the  Sunday Morning Slasher, killed 17 people in Michigan and Texas.Rafael Resendez-Ramirez, a Mexican national, killed nine people in Kentucky, Texas, and Illinois.Rory Conde, a Colombian native, murdered six prostitutes in the Miami area. Myth: Sex Motivates Serial Killers Although some serial killers are motivated by sex or power over their victims, many have other motivations for their murders. Some of these include anger, thrill-seeking, financial gain, and attention seeking. D.C. Area Sniper, John Allen Muhammad, and  Lee Boyd Malvo  killed 10 people to cover up the fact that Muhammads eventual target was his wife.Dr. Michael Swango  was convicted of four murders in the U.S. but may have poisoned as many as 50 people in the United States and Africa. The motivation for his murders was never determined.Paul Reid  killed at least seven people during robberies of fast-food restaurants in Tennessee. His motive for the robberies was financial gain. He killed the employees to eliminate witnesses. Myth: All Serial Murderers Travel and Operate in Multiple States Most serial killers operate within a comfort zone and definite geographic area. Very few serial killers travel between states to kill. Ronald Dominique  of Houma, Louisiana, confessed to murdering 23 men in nine years and dumping their bodies in sugarcane fields, ditches, and small bayous in six southeast Louisiana parishes near his home. Of those who do travel interstate to murder, most fall into these categories: Individuals who constantly move from place to place.Homeless transients.Individuals whose employment lends itself to interstate or transnational travel, such as truck drivers or those in military service. Because of their traveling lifestyle, these serial killers have many comfort zones. Randolph Kraft, known as the Freeway Killer,  was a  serial rapist, torturer, and killer who murdered at least  16 young males from 1972 through 1983 throughout California, Oregon, and Michigan. He was linked to 40 additional unsolved murders through a cryptic list found during his arrest. Kraft worked in the  computer field, and he spent a lot of time on business trips to Oregon and Michigan. Myth: Serial Killers Cannot Stop Killing Sometimes circumstances will change in a serial killers life causing them to stop killing before they are caught. The FBI report said the circumstances could include increased participation in family activities, sexual substitution, and other diversions. Dennis Rader, the BTK killer, murdered 10 people from 1974 to 1991 and then did not kill again until he was caught in 2005. He told investigators that he engaged in auto-erotic activities to substitute for killing.Jeffrey Gorton  killed his first victim in 1986 and his second victim five years later. He did not kill again until 2002 when he was caught. According to the FBI, Gorton engaged in cross-dressing and masturbation, as well as consensual sex with his wife between the murders. Myth: All Serial Killers Are Insane or Monsters With Exceptional Intelligence In spite of fictionalized serial killers in the movies who outsmart law enforcement and avoid capture and conviction, the truth is that most serial killers test from borderline to above average intelligence. Another myth is that serial killers have a debilitating mental condition. As a group, they do suffer from a variety of personality disorders, but very few are found legally insane when they go to trial. The serial killer as an evil genius is mostly a Hollywood invention, the report said. Myth: Serial Killers Want toBe Stopped The law enforcement, academic and mental health experts who developed the FBI serial killer report said that as serial killers gain experience with killing, they gain confidence with each offense. They develop a feeling that they will never be identified and never be caught. But killing someone and disposing of their body is not an easy task. As they gain confidence in the process, they can begin to take shortcuts or make mistakes. These mistakes can lead to them being identified by law enforcement. It is not that they want to get caught, the study said, its that they feel that they cannot get caught.

The Canadian Fur Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Canadian Fur Trade - Essay Example Westward and northward exploration in what is now Canada was inextricably linked with the twin desiderata of a profitable fur trade and an easy passage through North America to the Pacific and thus to the rich trade of the Orient. Voyaging into the Hudson Bay region, British explorers failed to locate the easy passage to the South Sea but did discover an abundant fur resource. Similarly, the French, from their colonial base of New France in the St. Lawrence Valley, searched westward for a passage to China and discovered instead a potential fur trade that would dominate the economy of their North American colony. Just before the establishment of the Hudson's Bay Company by the British in 1670, the geographical information obtained by explorers searching for the Pacific was joined with economic data on the fur trade. "Two Frenchmen [Pierre Radisson and Sieur de Groseilliers] who have lived long in Canada & have been up in ye great lakes that lye in the midst of that part of America" informed English merchants that they had discovered a plentiful fur resource in the Great Lakes region; they added, "There is great hope of finding some passage through those Lakes into the South Sea."

Clinicl Pathology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Clinicl Pathology - Coursework Example On the other hand, cells are the solid part of the blood. There are three types of cells present in the blood such as the red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells (RBC) or erythrocytes are the enucleated, biconcave disc cells that makes the blood color red. They contain hemoglobin- a protein with iron component- that binds to the oxygen for transport throughout the body. The blood contains more RBC as compared to other kind of cells. According to Eadie and Brown Jr. (1953), the approximate life span of RBC is 100 to 120 days. White blood cells (WBC) or leukocytes are the cells involved in protecting the body from foreign bodies such as bacteria, viruses and parasites that were able to enter the body. There are two types of WBC, the granulocytes and the agranulocytes. Granulocytes are identified from agranulocytes for the presence of granules in the cells. There are three types of granulocytes, the neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils while there are two types of agranulocytes, the lymphocytes, and monocytes. Platelets or thrombocytes are the smallest cells in the blood. They function as the first group of cells to aggregate to the wounded blood vessels to stop the further leakage of blood components out of the vessel. The first test that is being taken during check up or diseases diagnosis is the blood test. There are many kind of blood test being performed today for different purposes. Some of the blood test discussed is red blood cell count, lactose tolerance test, haemoglobin, and prothrombin time test. Red blood cell count is done to measure the number of red blood cell per volume of blood. Different values of RBC per volume of blood indicate but not limited to either the presence of a disease, physical activity done, and dietary intake made. The altitude of the area of residence also affects the RBC count of individuals (Liknaitzky, 1933). Individuals living in higher

Being Bilingual Essay Example for Free

Being Bilingual Essay The world has become a small village. People from different countries communicate with each other daily. Therefore, the need for bilingualism has become urgent for several reasons such as migration, having parents who speak a different language or studying in an international school. In fact, speaking two languages can help us get better job opportunities and open up our mind. Firstly, being bilingual can help you have a good job easily. Nowadays, it is one of the highest priorities that you speak more than one language. For example, most of the international banks request their employees to be bilingual. Also, it is improves our life and offer us good job opportunities. All in all, one who speaks two languages gets many benefits in his life. Secondly, speaking two languages can open up our minds to new experiences and new cultures. For example, we can enjoy free time by reading books that have been written in different languages and watching documentaries and programs about different cultures. Moreover, when we travel, we get to understand people and their jokes, comments and conversation, which makes our stay in a foreign country more enjoyable and memorable. All the above reasons for knowing a new culture, it is traditions and history, enables us to communicate effectively with people from different places. In conclusion, it is Necessary to be bilingual to lead a more comfortable and meaningful life. Many lucky people do not choose to be bilingual because they are born in a family that speaks different languages. Their bilingual environment opens many doors for them. It is also enable them to be more successful.

Internet - A Blessing or a Curse? :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Internet - A Blessing or a Curse? I saw something shocking painted on the roof of a barn as I was driving through the heart of Yolo County’s farmland. It was an advertisement for the upcoming Dixon May Fair. What caught my attention was the last line of copy, painted in thin red letters, down by the edge of the roof: http://www.dixonmayfair.com. It’s finally everywhere, I thought, as I continued down the deserted, dusty road. No place is safe. Not even the country. Over the last couple of years, those tiny, mysterious clusters of letters have snuck up on us, like a sneaky race of aliens preparing a world takeover. First they crawled from a computer and found their way onto the bottoms of billboards and magazine ads, cleverly hidden away from the casual glance, amidst the small print. Once you had to have sharp eyes to notice them. But the little things grew and multiplied and now you have to be blind to miss them. They’re on our books, our newspapers, our cereal boxes, our CDs, our clothing, our dairy products, our garden supplies, and our movies. It’s hard to go anywhere or do anything without bumping into our new friends â€Å"http† and â€Å"www.† But do they come in peace? Or do they have something else up their cyber-sleeves? Are they a blessing or a curse? For anyone with a strong computer phobia, like my father, or even with a mild techno-aversion, like the one I’ve inherited from him, it’s easy to read conspiracies and invasion plots into every new computer advancement. It’s also easy to feel that we’re caught in a dangerous tug-of-war, and that the machines are winning. My father, Vernon, is the head of the chemistry department at West Virginia State College, and he refuses to use computers any more than the bare minimum his job requires. While the rest of his department (and the rest of the world) fire off quick e-mail notes and memos to one another, he still writes with pencil and paper and licks just as many stamps and envelopes as he ever did. Except for the letters I send to my dad, most of my outgoing mail these days is electronic.

Group Analysis of Two Poems Sharing the Same Topic Essay

Group Analysis of Two Poems Sharing the Same Topic: Cockroaches Morley in his poem â€Å"Nursery Rhymes for the Tenderhearted† and Wild in his poem entitled â€Å"Roaches† constitute two distinct tones through their use of imagery and perspective. Morley’s tone toward roaches is whimsical while Wild’s attitude is bleak. Morley lighthearted entertaining poem is more to depict his own personal fear of the cockroaches, which is an example of his own perspective. Wild’s message is the opposite, he forces the fear upon the reader, he causes the reader to be scared with the imagery that he uses. In the first poem Morley takes a whimsical look at the common kitchen cockroach through images of its leaving behind evidence on its nightly visits, using words and phrases that give the reader an almost benevolent picture of what most people detest. The speaker addresses the roach directly, personifying it. The images are of the roach snacking and playing in the kitchen: â€Å"reclining on the cheese,† â€Å"browsing among the tea leaves,† â€Å"trekking on the biscuits,† â€Å"drowsing in the sugar bowl,†. Just how any normal person would encounter a cockroach, Morley depicts the poem as if it were his own encounter. One can tell that the speaker/Morley doesn’t have such a gruesome perspective towards the cockroaches. Wild’s viewpoint of roaches contradicts Morley’s by validating the cockroach’s misaligned reputation through dark diction and nightmarish images, making the reader uncomfortably aware of its eeriness. Unlike Morley’s friendly roach who raids the kitchen at night, Wild’s creepy roaches take possession of human beings invading their bodies. This roach, as opposed to Morley’s, is eating disgusting gunk in the bathroom that no person would ever consider to be a meal, something so noxious. Look more:  first poem for you kim addonizio analysis essay The roaches begin to take over his body, †nibbling his toes,† â€Å"probing in his veins,† and â€Å"scrambling up his throat† in the same way that roaches take over the sewers in the dark of night â€Å"crouched like lions in the ledges of sewers† â€Å"black eyes in the darkness†. Wild places the roaches in a position that makes the reader squeamish and uneasy, he makes you build up this picture in your head that not that these creatures are only two inches long but that they are some type of demon. Wild leaves this image on a reader that sets the tone to be terrifying, as if when you were to stumble upon a cockroach in the restroom, you basically walked into your own death sentence. While Morley paints this pretty picture that they are nothing but harmless creatures, and misunderstood.

Forecasting Monthly Sales Essay

Background For years The Glass Slipper restaurant has operated in a resort community near a popular ski area of New Mexico. The restaurant is busiest during the first 3 months of the year, when the ski slopes are crowded and tourists flock to the area. When James and Deena Weltee built The Glass Slipper, they had a vision of the ultimate dining experience. As the view of surrounding mountains was breathtaking, a high priority was placed on having large windows and providing a spectacular view from anywhere inside the restaurant. Special attention was also given to the lighting, colors, and overall ambiance, resulting in a truly magnificent experience for all who came to enjoy gourmet dining. Since its opening, The Glass Slipper has developed and maintained a reputation as one of the â€Å"must visit† places in that region of New Mexico. While James loves to ski and truly appreciates the mountains and all that they have to offer, he also shares Deena’s dream of retiring to a tropical paradise and enjoying a more relaxed lifestyle on the beach. After some careful analysis their financial condition, they knew that retirement was many years away. Nevertheless, they were hatching a plan to bring them closer to their dream. They decided to sell The Glass Slipper and open a bed and breakfast on a beautiful beach in Mexico. While this would mean that work was still in their future, they could wake up in the morning to the sight of the palm trees blowing in the wind and the waves lapping at the shore. They also knew that hiring the right manager would allow James and Deena the time to begin a semi-retirement in a corner of paradise. To make this happen, James and Deena would have to sell The Glass Slipper for the right price. The price of the business would be based on  the value of the property and equipment, as we ll as projections of future income. Problem Statement James and Deena are currently the owners of The Glass Slipper, a popular ski resort in New Mexico. Their dream is to retire and move to a more tropical location. While they understand that full retirement is not an option at this point, they are willing to sell The Glass Slipper and open a bed and breakfast on a Mexico beach which affords them a semi-retirement option for their near future plans. In order for them to have enough profit from the sale to complete their intended lifestyle transition, they are requiring the sale price to include property and equipment as well as future sales projections. Using data from the previous three years, a projection of the following year’s data will be made and evaluated. Data Monthly Revenue (In $1,000’s) Problems 1. Prepare a graph of the data. On this same graph, plot a 12-month moving average forecast. Discuss any apparent trend and seasonal patterns. The seasonal pattern shows that through the summer and fall there is reduced sales revenue that can be attributed to the lack of snow covering the resort area, but still being a location people like to visit. As the snow accumulation increases starting in late fall, sales begin to pick up and reach the maximum levels in the early part of the years during January. Sales remain high during this winter time frame until significant decreases in the spring through fall months. 2. Use regression to develop a trend line that could be used to forecast monthly sales for the next year. Is the slope of this line consistent with what you observed in question 1? If not, discuss a possible explanation. The trend line that could be used is Y = 330.889 – 1.162 * Time. The slope of this trend line is negative and not consistent with what was observed in question 1. Fluctuations in the seasonal indices, specifically January and  February, are affecting the unadjusted data and creating a negative slope trend. 3. Use the multiplicative decomposition model on these data. Use this model to forecast sales for each month of the next year. Discuss why the slope of the trend equation with this model is so different from that of the trend equation in question 2. Table 1.1 The sales forecast for the next year is shown in the Adjusted Forecast column of Table 1.1. Trend line data for the multiplicative decomposition model is Y = 294.524 + .86 * Time. The reason for the trend line difference from question 2 is that when you use the decomposition method, you are taking into account seasonal indices that are used in the computation to deseasonalize the data for a more accurate determination of predicted sales. Utilizing this model is more likely to produce a more accurate forecast for James and Deena in order to set their selling price.

Black beauty essays

Black beauty essays Publication: Tom Doherty Associates, Inc. Running down a steep carriage road in the rain, a young girl fell and hurt herself. Despite doctoring and the prayers of her devout Quaker parents, the injuries didnt heal. The year was 1834, the place Yarmouth, England, and fourteen-year-old Anna Sewell would never be able to run again. My ankles, she wrote later, are twisted like the leg of the wagon horse who fell on the cobbles last year and had to be shot. It was typical of her to notice and remember the fate of a horse as a who, as a person, not a thing. Even before her accident, Anna Sewell had felt a special affection for horses. For all living creatures, but most of all for horses. After she hurt herself, her love of horses grew, because horses became her faithful, helping companions. Though she could barely walk on her lamed feet, she could still ride out alone on horseback. She could still take pleasure in the countryside; on a horse she could still run in the rain. And with one of her ponies hitched to a chaise, she could drive herself to visit neighbours or to meet her father, a bank manager, at the train station. Her horses gave her independence, and she treated them as her best friend. As a young woman, Anna Sewell went to Germany for a year to be treated for her lameness. She came back somewhat better, and for a few years; she was able to walk more strongly. But the improvement didnt last. Her health grew worse. She never married, but lived at home the rest of her life. Toward the end, even her beloved horses could not help her, as she could not find strength to go outside the house. During this time, the last eight years of her life, she expressed her lifelong love and respect for horses by penning the only book she ever wrote, Black Beauty. ...

English Names in Chinese Characters - A

English Names in Chinese Characters - A Click on the English names beginning with the letter A to see the English name in Chinese. The Chinese names are translated based on the English pronunciation of the names. The Chinese names are written in simplified characters, which are used in Mainland China. To find your last name in Chinese, please see English Last Names in Chinese. Female Chinese Name: More about Chinese Names. AMarieAMeiyaAadilahAafkeAaliyahAaminaAaralynAarynAashkaAasthaAbagailAbbeyAbbieAbbigailAbbyAbeilleAbiAbidaAbigailAbigaleAbigayleAbriannaAbrilAcaciaAclairAdaAdaezeAdahAdalineAdalynAdaraAddieAddisonAddyAdelaAdelaidaAdelaideAdeleAdeliaAdelinaAdelineAdellAdellaAdelleAdenaAdesinaAdhrahAdiAditiAdnAdonnaAdreenaAdriaAdrianAdrianaAdrianeAdriannaAdrianneAdrianousAdrieAdrienneAfafAfricaAfshanAgathaAgeethAggieAgnesAhliAhooAichaAidaAidalynAideeAidenAileenAileenaAileighAilemaAilsaAimeeAinhoaAinsleeAinsleyAirynAishaAislingAislinAislinnAitanaAiyanaAjaAjaineAjdaAjlaAkebulanAkitaAlaaAladinaAlainaAlaineAlajaAlanaAlanisAlannaAlanyaAlaynaAlaysiaAlbanyAlbertaAlberthaAlbertineAlbinaAldaAldineAleahAleashaAleciaAleeceAleenaAlegriaAleighaAleishaAlejandraAlejandrinAleksaAlenaAleneAleshaAlesiaAlessaAlessandraAletaAlethAlethaAletheaAletheiaAlethiaAlexAlexaAlexanderAlexandraAlexandreaAlexandriaAlexiaAlexisAlexizAlexusAlexysAlfredaAlgernaeAliAliaAliceAliciaAlidaAlieceAlinaAlineAlintaAlisaAlishaAlisonAlissaAliviaAli xAliyaAliyahAlizaAlizeAlkhouriAllaAllegraAlleneAlleyAlliAllieAllineAllisonAlluraAllyAllysonAllyssaAlmaAlmedaAlmiraAlmudenaAlnieAlonaAlondraAlphaAlrunAltaAltagraciaAlthaAltheaAlvaAlvenaAlveraAlvertaAlvinaAlwynAlyanaAlyannaAlyceAlyciaAlyonaAlysaAlyseAlyshaAlysiaAlysonAlyssaAlysynAmadaAmaliaAmalieAmanAmandaAmandeepAmaniAmaraAmaranthaAmarhaAmariAmarisAmarliannaAmayaAmberAmberisAmberleighAmberleyAmeAmeeAmeiyaAmeliaAmelieAmenaAmeraAmerbelAmericaAmiAmiciyahAmieAminaAmiraAmparoAmyAmyaAnAnYeaAnaAnabelAnadeliAnahiAnaiahAnaisAnajahAnaliseAnastasiaAnayaAndeeAndraAndreaAndreeaAndreiaAndreinaAndreishaAndreshiaAndrewAndriaAneissaAneleAneesaAnetteAngelAngelaAngelesAngeliaAngelicaAngeliceAngelieAngelikaAngelinaAngelineAngeliqueAngelitaAngharadAngiAngieAnikaAnisahAniseAnissaAnitaAnitraAniyaAniyahAnjaAnjaliAnjanetteAnjelAnjelicaAnkeAnkieAnnAnn-marieAnnaAnnabelAnnabellAnnabellaAnnabelleAnnadelleAnnadelle MarieAnnahAnnaleeAnnalisaAnnaliseAnnalouiseAnnamAnnamaeAnnamarieAnneAnnekeAnnelieAnnemarieAnnemarie keAnnemieAnnemiekAnnettaAnnetteAnniAnnicaAnnickAnnieAnnikaAnnikeAnnisAnnuAnnyAnnzleyAnoukAnsAnsleyAnthonyAntionetteAntoinetteAntonetteAntoniaAntoniettaAntoninaAntraAnuAnyaAoifeAokiAprilAprilleAqsaAraAraceliAracelliAracelyArceliaArdellArdellaArdeneArdisArdithArdorynaAreejAreenaArelyArethaAretiAriaArianaArianeAriannaArianneArielAriellaArielleAriesArionnaAriyanaArleenArleneArlettArlieArlineArmaniArmidaArnaArnelaArohaAroleArrieArshiaArtaryArthurArtieArtilyaArumaArvillaAryaAryanaAryannaAsasiaAsdinAshAshaAshantiAshayaAshelyAshlandAshleaAshleeAshleighAshleyAshlieAshlyAshlynAshlynnAshraAshtonAshtynAshuntaAsiaAsifaAsmaAsmitaAspasiaAspenAssisAstenAstridAsyaAtbarAthenaAtiyahAubreeAubreyAubrieAuburnAudraAudreaAudreyAugustinaAuliAunjenaeAuroraAustraAustynAutumnAvaAvangalineAveryAvriAvrilAyaAyanaAyannaAydnAyelAyeshaAylaAylinAynurAyraAyushiAzariaAzeezaAziaAzizaAzrael Dont see your name here? Complete a Submit a First Name in Chinese form and your name will be added to the list in about two weeks. More about Chinese Names.

Problems at Perrie Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Problems at Perrie - Research Paper Example Indeed the company has witnessed an economic downturn with the dwindling of the sales and resuscitation from this economic downturn requires the company to respond to the imminent business disruptions by promptly responding to change. The need of the hour is a viable change management that calls for an apt handling of the shifting consumer preferences, influx of enhanced competition and economic downturn in a way that steers the organization from the immediate state to a desired future situation. No wonder the employees are evincing some typical reactions to change. First and foremost the employees are interpreting change in correlation to the direct impact it will have on their earnings and job security. Besides, a call for change by the management is making employees angry and quiet resistant to change. The employees being comfortable with the hitherto business practices are certainly panicked by the emergent business scenarios. The reactions being evinced by the employees are cert ainly normal, but if not managed in a deft way may inhibit and curtail any viable attempts to change, thereby translating into a drastic impact on the organizational sustainability and its capacity to change in the light of the incumbent circumstances. One essential element of this resistance to change is that the employees are misinterpreting the change initiatives taken by the management in the light of their own fears and apprehensions. Besides, the employees are also fearful of the uncertainty inherent in the current organizational situation. They believe that any change initiative may directly impact their job security and hence are getting increasingly unionized. Employees also have a low trust regarding the Perrier’s capacity to change and the organization’s ability to usher in new initiatives. To manage change, the management needs to accept the fact that its personnel have got increasingly unionized to resist change. To effectively manage this change, the mana gement first and foremost needs to address the human side of the situation. The employees and the CGT being the key stakeholders in any change management initiative, the management should take the employees into confidence and must explain to them the immediate business scenario, its implications and how it intends to manage the consequent change. Besides, the change initiatives should be ushered in at the top level and the organizational leadership should get proactive about change. This will motivate the lower rung employees to embrace change initiatives. Third and the most important thing is that the management should be willing to involve every layer within the organization in the change process. No doubt, change has emerged to be unsettling for all the employees at Perrier and hence they naturally expect and look to the organizational leadership for direction and guidance. The resistance to change at Perrier is essentially a human problem and hence needs to be dealt with in a v ery sensitive and deft manner. So far the top management at Perrier has only zeroed in on the resistance to change in terms of the lower wrung employees, without delving on its own role in causing the resistance to change. However, the top management also need to delve on the point that the resistance to change may be ensuing from the top rungs, thereby gradually percolating to the lower levels. So it is the pivotal need of the hour that the top management

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art - Essay Example The World of Art: Concepts of Art: Going through the book, different concepts can be unlearned through which an art or a craft is presented. The most important concept in the creation of an art seems to be the use of different medium available in an artist’s surroundings. The concept of aboriginal rock art enhances on the fundamentality of the experiences by human that lead him to create an art. The use of chalk and charcoal could be observed as another concept of making art that descriptively presents a matter in front of others as given the name of delineation. Smudging is a procedure that can be applied on such charcoal paintings which is another concept of art creation and presentation. The use of pastel and pastel oil sticks have also been reflected through the book as several artists have made use of these in their paintings. Another concept of painting is the ‘wash and brush’ where the painter dilutes ink with water and then apply it on broad areas for maki ng the painting. The book also presents other aspects of craft apart from painting that include printmaking and creation of crafts. The technique of printmaking also involves several concepts some of which as mentioned in the book are woodcutting, wood engraving, linocut, engraving and etching. These are different forms of printmaking and uses different mediums for the design of the print, for example, in case of wood engraving, the print is created by engraving designs on the wood. These designs would then be filled with colors and inks. Lithography or writing on stone has been presented as another form of art creation. Finally the book also presents the creation of crafts through the use of different concepts like the glass, fiber, ceramics, and wood that can be used in the designing and creation of different crafts (Sayre, 169-320). Artists and their Arts: The book presents the arts and creations of several artists. The Allegory of Painting is an art created by Jan Vermeer that s hows the use of each and every medium present in the surroundings of the artist. An ink and wash concept has been used in the creation of the Workshop of Pollaiuolo which was a drawing of the times of Renaissance. It presents a view on the unavailability of paper and hence the use of wood to carve out arts as portrayed through the painting. A magnificent painting has been created by Leonardo da Vinci named as Study for a Sleeve with the use of pen, chalk, and lampblack. The paintings created by Leonardo generated a seriousness of the contribution of art on the paintings and also inspired several other painters of the time. Oil paint was used by Raphaiel in his creation of The Alba Madonna and the painting marvelously portrayed the human expressions from in depth of their hearts. The Banana Flower art created by Georgia O’Keeffe was done with the use of charcoal and black chalk. Another artist, Georges Pierre Seurat, created the painting Cafe Concert with the use of crayons on Ingres paper. Vija Celmin had presented a graphite drawing unique in its character in the way it presented the picture of an ocean. The name of the painting was Untitled (Ocean) (Sayre, 169-179). Mary Cassatt learnt the use of pastel and became famous for her drawings associated with mothers and children, one of which was reflected through the painting named Young Mother, Daughter, and Son. Artists like Elisabetta Sirani and Jean Dubuffet were also famous for their use

Capsim Organization and Competitive Environment Essay

Capsim Organization and Competitive Environment - Essay Example The organization has also embarked on a massive marketing program which has helped in creating awareness of the business to the market. The organization has a wide market coverage comprising of not only students but business men all over the world. This has made it the global leader in developing and delivering business tips to practicing and aspiring business people on how to run profitable businesses (Hersey & Blanchard, 1974). This paper will review Capsim as an organization and its competitive environment. The organization has an enormous investment especially technologically. This is extremely risky especially with the changing dynamic of technology. The business calls for large expenses to cater for its operations and the costs get transferred to consumers making it unaffordable to many. The organization has complied with all regulatory procedures. Contingency theory states that there is no known best way of setting up an organizational structure. Contingency theory argues that the solution to any managerial problem is dependent on the factors that affect a situation. The theory suggests that effective managerial techniques get influenced by the tasks the organization is striving to achieve (Barney, 1985). Contingency theory attempts to equip managers with the capabilities to provide possible solutions to a business challenge. The theory explains that the best way to set up a company is dependent on the present internal and external factors facing the business. Some of these factors include customers, suppliers, government and technology. The theory attempts to develop a strategy that can address environmental uncertainties and challenges facing the business effectively and efficiently. The theory has sort to generalize formal structures that fit the use of different technologies. The contingency theory explains that the successful application of a tool or technique in one setting may have no influence in another. The theory

Effects of Regeneration in the Urban Core

Effects of Regeneration in the Urban Core General Overview Urban decay, usually associated with deprived areas, tends tend to be a characteristic of poorer communes, reflecting their low earning power and susceptibility to the higher unemployment rates associated with changes in the structure of the national economy (Skifter Andersen, 2003). The a feeling that buildings are physically falling into a state of decay particularly in some areas more than others, often results in an excrescence of dilapidated and vacant buildings. By remaining vacant, buildings are generally targeted for commercial signage and vandalism unless subjected to a population change or economic restructuring (McGregor and McConnachie, 1995; Skifter Andersen, 2003). The redevelopment of decaying, run-down or underused parts of urban areas with the intention of bringing new life and economic vitality is crucial in maintaining a market position (Bolton Council, 2009). Redeveloping these structural units, however, may not be an easy task, as a set physical as well as casual mechanisms likely to be different in every area, are also accentuating the problem of urban decay. According to Skifter Andersen (2003), one of the major causes of urban decay is the decline of the local economy. The changes in the structure of the national and international economy can directly or indirectly influence the local economy as outlined in Haggetts Cumulative Decline Model (2001). Certain government intervention and planning policies with regard to the industry and alterations in the locational preferences of the industries to better equipped sites are also assumed to be among the primary causes of decline by increasing the gap between the core and periphery. Similarly, the population age structure in most Western countries is changing with an increasing number of elderly dominating the demographic chart (Commission on Growth and Development, 2008). This disinclinati on of the population is likely to remain in the highly urbanised areas resulting in a number of blight properties that are likely to fall into a state of disrepair if structural investment keeps lacking. Perhaps, following Myrdals Cumulative Causation theory (1972) might help inject vigour into the local economy from the institutional set-up (Fujita, 2004). Nonetheless, this process of urban renewal, through which environmental quality redevelopments occur in derelict urban areas, is highly contested. This chapter reviews selected literature that concerns the effects of regeneration in the urban core of a settlement with regard to the value enhancement and positive externality of building refurbishment while considering the social and economic implications. Urban Regeneration Urban regeneration most likely to take the form of public policy in order to regulate urban processes, attempts to improve the urban environment through renewal (Couch et al., 2003). Although seeming fairly simple and straightforward, Home (1982) describes the concept of urban regeneration as involving complex socio-economic, environmental and political issues, with no profession or academic disciple claiming control over it. Roberts (in Roberts and Sykes, 2000) defines urban regeneration as a vision which leads to the resolution of urban problems and which seeks to bring lasting socio-economic, physical and environmental conditions of an area that has been subject to change. Broadly defined as a process that prevents the urban fabric from starting or continuing to deteriorate by improving the urban fabric, urban regeneration is fundamental to the structure plans established by the Malta Environmental and Planning Authority in 1998 and 2006. According to the Priority Actions Programme/Regional Activity Centre (PAP/RAC, 2004) of the Mediterranean countries, the aim of urban regeneration projects as a solution to this phenomenon in developed is to promote: â€Å"return to the city, revitalise the city centre, restore activity in a fiercely competitive international context, and implement initiatives to improve the quality of the environment operating in a wide sense towards a smart growth†. Such systemised and planned action concerning certain parts of a town would mean injecting new vigour into an area. Skifter Andersen (2003) argues urban regeneration would transform, strengthen and recreate places to act as a catalyst for further investments for the benefit of the local community. By concentrating public resources and private investments on specifically designated area may turn an area to a great appeal (Adair et al., 2000). However, urban regeneration is not only concentrated around property-led and retail-led regeneration but also through cultural regeneration to transform the city as a form of urban recreation (Evans, 2001). According to Evans (2001), arts and cultural industries can distinguish themselves by restoring identities and economies with other lifestyles. Whilst Calxton and Siora (2008) recognise the retail sector as offering opportunities and employing a wide range of different socio-economic groups, they argue that retail-led regeneration appears to provide a key reconnection to economic opportunity by engaging in direct employment and additional investment for a community and its residents. Furthermore, Claxton and Siora (2008) sustain that the most successful developments are those supported by the local authorities where planning or economic development departments work together. On the other hand, Rubin and Taylor (2008) question the enormous institutional corporate power of certain chain stores that might have some influence on the planning system and in regeneration projects. According to them, the benefits from such regeneration are overstated as this type of regeneration creates an inverse system that extorts money out of the local economy resulting in serious consequences for small local businesses. Pitkin (1963) sustains that as an important trait within various Mediterranean communities is the urban ethos, the city is depicted as a place of cultural richness, civilisation and civic pride (Leontidou, 2000). Strengthening this argument, Florida (2003) suggested that as social ethos is becoming increasingly dominant in most entrepreneurial and growing regions, it is attracting creative people to the city and accentuating the processes of gentrification. Additionally, Ley (2003) also accentuates the importance of cultural and lifestyle of the middle class, who value the preservation of the historic core and the utilisation of exceptional commodities. Bailey et al. (2004) suggests that culture-led regeneration has only been effective when associated with commercialised identities, thus stressing the need for economic investments and retail establishments. Hiller (2000) suggests that for waterfront regeneration with transformation of the urban environment with luxurious residences a nd gentrified neighbourhoods must be create jobs through a number of office towers as well as shopping centres, included in most projects. As cities are never still, Lancaster (1995) had previously argued that they are places where people strive to overcome negative effects and create hope in the place that history has located them. According to Dunn (1998), the consumer culture might therefore encourage residents to disattach themselves from their particular area and associate themselves to the new global culture irrelevant of the location. Bailey et al. (2004), disagrees and argues that cultural forms of consumption can actively enhance and enliven local communities. Bailey et al. (2004) goes further by suggesting that it is the people who live in the city themselves have to engage in regenerating the city rather than the planning policies. Kantor et al. (1997), stresses the significance of local urban democratic conditions in creating inclusive governing that can influence the local communitys ability to participate and have a reach in the business. Gentrification As defined by Kennedy and Leonard (2001), gentrification involves the processes of reinvestment and revitalisation to enhance the physical and socio-economic components of cities. In this relationship, higher income households settle in that settle in the area, upgrade the physical and socio-economic component of lower income residences. Smith (1987b, p.463), specifically stated that the crucial point with regard to gentrification is that: it involves not only a social change but also, at the neighbourhood scale, a physical change in the housing stock and an economic change in the land and housing market. It is this combination of social, physical, and economic change that distinguishes gentrification as an identifiable process/set of processes. Furthermore, Wyly and Hammel (1999, p.716) add that the process of gentrification complements: class transformation of those parts of the city that suffered from systematic outmigration, disinvestment and neglect, or neglect in the midst of rapid economic growth and suburbanisation. Badcock (2001), argues that today the process of gentrification and restructuring have become so interrelated together that they have formed the broader transformation known as revitalisation. Furthermore, households of median and higher incomes generally value the preservation of the historic core and contribute to raising the areas ethos (Ley, 2003). Therefore, employment in the tertiary, quaternary and quinary sectors of production, usually associated with having a university degree, is a key indicator of gentrification according to Ley (2003). In other words, the post-modern lifestyles of consumption are the solution towards revitalisation of a location through the processes of gentrification. Consequently, the process of gentrification can be said to be the outcome of the range of responses to the new economic and social opportunities that arise from prior dispositions of the social classes (Bridge 2001). On the other hand, Smith and Williams (1986) were particularly concerned with displacement and the side effects the middle class is having on the lower working class through the processes of gentrification. Although the extent of the problem is not agreed upon, Sumka (1979) argues that displacement of the working class through rent increases was undoubtedly a major issue. More recently, Blomley (2004) outlines that the social mix the processes of gentrification bring with them tend to expose the working classes to several equalities in the social hierarchy as interaction between the owners and tenants in gentrified neighbourhoods seems to be limited. Slater (2006) argues that this process can lead to social segregation and isolation when trying to revitalise a neighbourhood. Yet, according to Sigworth and Wilkinson (1967) the beneficial effects to the community through gentrification outweigh the issues of social segregation which can be resolved through several policies. Ideal Scenario In a society where the absence of building care culture is increasing, prompt maintenance would help make aging buildings less problematic to rehabilitate as it is often the case that such buildings are found in a state of disrepair with various safety problems. Throughout the 1970s, many of the European countries had already started emphasise the gradual renewal process of rehabilitation rather than focusing on the massive redevelopments simultaneously (Wood, 1991). Thomas (1977), suggested that making way for redevelopment would give an opportunity to replace any substandard buildings, any clashes with regard to the land-use, as well as any environmental nuisance. Although in essence the process of redevelopment causes a lot of inconvenience as it dislocates people (Sumka, 1979; Smith and Williams, 1986; Blomley, 2004), redevelopment can help utilizing the full potential of a site as well as exploiting the beneficial effects to the community such as solving the problems related to social segregation (Sigworth and Wilkinson, 1967). Amongst the main problems that dominate the list for the issue of urban renewal, the lack of institutional planning (Adams and Hastings, 2001) and unfair reimbursements (Kam et al., 2004). This raises the question of whether it would be eloquent to redevelop rather than to rehabilitate certain properties in some areas. It was proposed that the decision making on whether to rehabilitate or redevelop is generally influe nced by six aspects namely; political, legal, technical, institutional, social and economic forces (Walker, 2002). According to Olson et al. (2001) and Hobman and Bordia (2006), the influences of the professional work background on the attitudes towards a renewal project can also make a difference. For instance, building surveyors are said to consider the structural conditions of a particular building as the most vital concepts of consideration in a regeneration process. Conversely, the town planners tend to give more importance to the impacts of the project in the visual quality and micro climate of the neighbourhood rather than the structural conditions of a building (Olson et al., 2001, Hobman and Bordia, 2006). Despite these converging views, it is evident that the implementation of an urban renewal strategy especially when done on a massive scale would include a strong financial input. This would also have to be coupled with adequate public resources, and a determined commitment to solving to the urban dereliction problems while aiming towards increasing the social and economic benefits and fostering entrepreneurial activity (Hamnet, 2000; Skifter Andersen, 2003; Calxton and Siora, 2008). In such circumstances, it is also advisable that there should be improvements to the infrastructure, the transportation system as well as the environment that should all coincide with the renewal development that has the support of all social partners (Adair et al., 2000). Yet, as such conditions rarely occur, policy makers must shape their development plans based upon the constraints they face at the particular moment in time. Williams (2006) suggested that in order to ensure a more successful project, t he ruling authority can also use its powers relating to property development to influence the planning, the infrastructure and the compulsory purchase powers together with the availability of public land assets. When trading land for example, it is not a rare occurrence that one party missing from the market forum and thus the scenario of a compulsory purchase might be required in order for the renewal project not to be brought to a halt because by the private economic forces (Williams, 2006). To redevelop or to rehabilitate? Specifically on property-led redevelopment, Harvey (1992) highlighted that the timing of redevelopment projects depend on three essential issues being; the value of the current existing use of the land resource, the current value of the best of alternative use, and the cost of rebuilding. As the use of property is not irreversible, property has the potential to be redeveloped and converted into another type or usage to suit the expected socio-economic demands at a given time (Gunnerlin, 2001). According to the structure plan issued by the Malta Planning Authority (PA) (1998), there is a need: to use land and buildings efficiently and consequently channel urban development activity into planned developed areas particularly though rehabilitation and upgrading of existing fabric and infrastructure. Notionally, if the present value of the existing use of the land resources is greater than the present value of the best alternative use, redevelopment would not take place since it would not be financially viable, and the rebuilding costs would affect the occurrence of urban renewal. This explains why sometimes redevelopment in the old, urban core is less attractive to the developers (Harvey and Jowsey, 2004). As for the option of rehabilitation, which would mean securing the existing structure, it was concluded that it would only be advantageous when a number of conditions are met (Pugh, 1991). This would mean that the service life of a building would be prolonged by another thirty to fifty years. Furthermore, the value as well as the interest rate of the existing building would also have to be high. Additionally, Pugh (1991) argues that if the direct and indirect costs of rehabilitating are considerably less than those incurred by rebuilding, then the developer would be more tempted to rehabilitate rather than redevelop. Ratcliffe (1993) also estimated that the costs of renovating a building can amount to twenty-five percent less than starting a new building project and thus making it more attractive for developers. Aikivuori (1994) points out that refurbishments may sometimes be required when there is a need for change in the land-use as well as when there is a need to increase or secur e the market value of the building. Additionally, this would also help to preserve the existing building and its externalities that may be important in inducing a culture-led regeneration. Challenges facing the renewal process Housing has long been regarded as a durable commodity (Wieand, 1999), yet, like any other physical commodity, properties are subject to deteriorate as time goes by and eventually fall into a state of dilapidation if they are not properly maintained (Burton 1933). A number of previous studies have highlighted among of the main factors that would make a building deemed for renewal would be the serviceable environment (Sohmer, 1999). Others like Rosenfeld and Shohet (1999) have formed models to determine whether and when a building should be upgraded. This helped to reduce uncertainties and serve as an aid when deciding whether to upgrade or not. Nonetheless, one should not forget that there are always a set of constraints that are likely to slow or halt the process of urban renewal. The multiple ownership of a number of properties is one of them for example (Chun To Cho and Fellows, 2000; Galea Debono, 2009). So are the limitations on the development in the urban village core through the Urban Conservation Area (UCA) which restricts certain types of redevelopment projects. Additionally, it is also likely that there may be disputes in the process of resettling those affected and disagreements on compensation issues which make it more difficult for the private developers to find a compromise with the landowners (Sumka, 1979; Smith and Williams, 1986; Blomley, 2004). Furthermore, it is also often the case that the lack of a central governing body to implement redevelopment and private developers little presumptive power, end up with the developers having fragmented, slow progress (Gordon, 2004). Positive outcomes from urban regeneration Fundamentally, the process of urban regeneration would help to contribute towards the preservation of structures of architectural value and significant historical importance (Jim, 1994). A sustainable regeneration scheme should therefore endeavour to lesson social exclusion, boost economic reintegration as well as salvage architecturally rich buildings and edifices (McGregor and McConnachie, 1995; Skifter Andersen, 2003; Bailey et al.,2004). Otherwise, an urban regeneration project can be a source of conflict and thus it might prove valuable to develop a decision making tool to facilitate the planning process as suggested by Walker (2002) and Ho et al. (2004). Eventually, project regeneration proposals can be assessed and alterations can be made in order to achieve a higher rating for the plan which is subject to time, budgetary and other practical constraints (Ho et al., 2004). According to Kocabas, (2000a), evaluating the impact of protection planning would ideally assess outcomes against the physical, social and economic objectives. This should preserve the physical historic environment, the needs of the existing residents during the process of upgrading as well as determining whether the conservation process is economically viable (Kocabas, 2000a). On the other hand, Borja et al. (1997) showed that the socio-spatial outcomes of globalisation on urban areas varied according to the correlation between the technological and economic processes that form the core for this transformation. Whilst it is now widely accepted that no city can escape the reach of global economic and political forces (Sassen, 2000; Taylor and Walker, 2001), it is also clear that cities can upgrade their position in the global hierarchy by their strategic intervention (Clarke and Gaile, 1997). This was the case with Ireland in 1988, for example. With the help of the European Commission, Ireland reflected on the mistakes made through the demolishment of buildings in inner Dublin through the Greater Dublin Area Development Programme secured and managed the preservation of the built historical environment (Pickard, 1994). Essentially, the upgrade or upkeep of neighbourhood externalities is also thought to contribute to the migration and related change in a neighbourhoods economic status for two main reasons. Firstly, certain types of households may behave in ways that generate social capital and affluence for the neighbourhood influencing the demand for that location, thus, the process of gentrification (Ley, 2003). Likewise, certain types of households might also choose to migrate into or out of a neighbourhood based on the demographic and financial characteristics of their prospective neighbours because of the social status, irrespective of how these neighbours may behave (Rosenthal, 2008). In spite of this, it is important to recognise that raising a neighbourhoods economic status does not necessarily alleviate poverty but could simply force the existing low income residents to relocate to other areas of the locality. Jacobs (1961) argued that rather than being suffocated by urban regeneration, soc ial life should be revived, thus, the process of gentrification might not be always seen in a good light especially from those who are less affluent and other deprived sections of society (Sumka, 1979; Smith and Williams, 1986; Blomley, 2004). Therefore, building rehabilitation may garner more support as it causes less social disturbances (Needleman, 1966; DeFilippis, 2007). Achieving success through failure Amongst the good examples of successful waterfront regeneration projects that have managed to generate enough employment opportunities for the locals, Gloucester, Swansea, Cardiff and Liverpool immediately stand out in the United Kingdom (Jones and Gripaios, 2000). In these cases, a number of listed warehouses were refurbished and transformed to provide residential, office, retail, museum, marinas and restaurant facilities. Liverpools Albert Dock, for instance, has been so successful as a heritage site that was previously in a state of decay that it now receives around six million visitors yearly (Jones and Gripaios, 2000). From being a totally abandoned and neglected eyesore, the Albert Dock has now been turned into a visually pleasing environment with the most obvious and tangible manifestations of successful regeneration project in the United Kingdom. Canary Wharf in London is another successful redevelopment that even managed to generate 7,000 jobs for the locals (Danielsand Bobe , 1993). In spite of these successful cases of regeneration, the process of urban renewal still generates a great deal of heated debate especially when faced fierce opposition from the locals that fear that there would no significant improvement in their standard of living such as in the case of Canary Wharf in London. Quite rightly as Jeffrey and Pounder (2000) suggest, the physical improvement of a building is a fundamental element in achieving a successful regeneration project, however Hausner (1993), suggested that on its own it is not sufficient as the development of any project reflects the conditions and requirements of the area in which the project is located from a wider perspective. In addition to this, Moore (2002) sustains that the proactive use of this policy might even improve the local economic development and even create new working places, however, this might only be for a short while. Hemphill et al. (2004) argues that much of the research conducted in the United Kingdom ten ds to be critical as there is a persistent sentiment that urban policy has not really left many of the desired effects on the regenerated area. This had already been thought earlier as even though the inner-city redevelopments generally improve and enhance the degraded built environments, there is criticism that such projects only cater to certain sectors of society and particular locations such as waterfronts and thus these types of projects can fragment cities (Fainstein, 1994; Meyer, 1999; Marshall, 2003). Further criticism concludes that the stated goal of urban design and renewal is often forgotten as the concepts have become merely a marketing tool (Gospodini, 2002). Moreover, it is generally felt that the concept of urban renewal is too vague with the fusion of the traditional architecture, the landscape architecture, and the planning and civil engineering. As a result, urban renewal is said to be focused mainly on the marginal cosmetic aesthetics of the landscape rather than helping to sustain a better standard of living in the area (Inam, 2002). Hubbard (2006) added that the social as well as economic conditions of an area are usually worsened though the regeneration and gentrification policies that are meant to be beneficial. On a wider scale, Newman and Thornley (1996) had previously suggested that in contrast with other cities, the key European cities such as; Paris, Milan, Berlin, Frankfurt and Stockholm are underpinned by the factor of the international competitiveness rathe r than by the notion of urban policy and therefore the residents standard of living has nothing to do concept of urban renewal. Bentley (1999) went even further and argued that apart from the social, economic and environmental limitations, the concept of urban design is often manipulated by developers and public authorities to covertly hijack public space and neglect local conditions and values. Revitalisation projects targeted parts of the cities, such as decayed port areas and other post-industrial sites, for major redevelopments so that the area in effect becomes totally gentrified resulting in a residential area for the more affluent citizens rather than the whole society in general (Bentley, 1999). Proprietors awareness and involvement It is evident that one of biggest barriers when it comes to building maintenance is the owners awareness that find it difficult to realise the basic forms of decay and the resulting impact on the building material (Kangwa and Olubodun, 2003). To make matters worse, when action is taken, it is often the case that an inappropriate remediation technique is applied (Leather and Mackintosh, 1994; Forrest et al., 1996). Thus, any effective renewal system must be constructed upon well informed diagnostic skill structures. Chanter and Swallow (1996) and Davidson et al. (1997) have suggested that some of the main awareness problems apart from the variations in perceptions of objects of regular maintenance include the inability to tell whether inferior products or components are used to rehabilitate the building. In addition to this, they also add that the average owner is generally unable to determine the quality of work done by the traders and cannot judge accurately the extent of skill requ ired for a particular work. In the end they argue that the absence of a referral system within the local housing communities which would act as an initial contacts for advice and general information on housing maintenance. Consequently, it is often the case that waves of building depilation later turn into the process of urban decay that has been a major problem in most developed cities (Skifter Andersen, 1995). It must be recognised that the local inhabitants are fundamentally the problem solvers and play an important and useful role not only in implementing regeneration strategies but also in maintaining the socio-economic improvement of the neighbourhood over the years. As powerlessness is central to peoples experience of poverty and exclusion, the people in general are more likely to involve themselves if they can clearly see their contribution in the city (Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2005). Throughout the last number of years, the local citizens have also been emphasizing that new developments should retain their own characteristic and identity in order to reflect their collective memories. Public consultation meetings are no longer satisfying the citizens as they believe that a comprehensive public engagement exercise for the project is required and more channels should be provided for them to express their views on the developments (Lee and Chan, 2008). Research has shown that in the absence of government intervention, property owners are prepared to improve their buildings and edifices since it would enhance the market value of the refurbished properties provided that there is enough information for people to take sensible decisions (Holm, 2000; Gregg and Crosbie, 2001). Besides from having restored building edifices, this type of refurbishment project is estimated to increase the market price of the property which leaves a good profit after deducting the costs of the refurbishment project (Chau et al., 2003). Improvements on the buildings especially on the facades are intuitively expected to have a positive impact on properties adjacent to the building because of the improved visual quality enjoyed by the nearby residents. Likewise, unsightly externalities are created by the unsightliness of poorly maintained properties, thus, refurbishing these poor maintained buildings should reduce or even counter the negative impact (Colwell e t al., 2000; Boyle and Kiel, 2001). Nevertheless, while everyone would benefit from improving the exterior conditions of the buildings, the market value of the properties improved first would have their value depreciated by the dire condition of the neighbouring properties and thus for an individual to take the first step would not be easy. As a result, the unimproved properties would experience an increase in value as a result of the nearby investments done by the others. Consequently, this might also lead to a market failure as the refurbishment process may never take off completely resulting in an investment which is less than what was desired (Hui et al., 2007). Should more information on the enhanced market value of a refurbished building be made available, then the long-term sustainability of a rehabilitation effort would be incorporated into the urban renewal strategies easily, however, one must not forget that the effects may not be felt until a long time. In this particular scenario, the authority in charge sh ould encourage and encourage developers and owners to instigate redevelopment. Ultimately, the process of renewal is a product of an incremental decision making as owners have to decide whether to rehabilitate or redevelop their built land which is subject to facing obsoleteness (Bryson, 1997). Concluding Remarks As authorities are widely considered as the ones responsible for the process of urban decay, they started to be seen as being unable to engage successfully with the private sector. With the rise of the new conservative movements, the local government started to be marginalised in favour of the private sector when it came to taking decisions (Gullino, 2008). This resulted in private sector being placed at the centre of the renewal activities as these kinds of projects are assumed to attract new financial capital (Bianchini et al., 1992; Loftman and Nevin, 1995). Despite the process of urban renewal through which environmental quality redevelopments occur