The Eyes Of The Dragon (1228 words) Essay Example For Students

The Eyes Of The Dragon (1228 words) Essay The Eyes of the DragonAnnonymousAlthough it might appear to be very foolish, the job of animalsin The Eyes of the Dragon is an incomparable anddignified part of the novel. Through the developmentof the novel, the set of all animals thunders novel from bugs to hounds and theyall play their own, singular jobs. The extraordinary high contrast Anduan Huskynamed Frisky who is, out of every last bit of her mutts, Naomi’s top pick, drives BenStaad and Naomi straightforwardly to the whereabouts of Dennis, Peter’s head servant. Flagg’s creatures are images of his arrangements for the destruction of Delain. Thedragon that is murdered by King Roland might be considered the most the memorableof all. In this original story, Thomas sees Flagg murder Thomas’s fatherthrough the eyes of the winged serpent. Toward the finish of the novel, however, all of theanimals’ jobs become all-good. Spirited, Naomi’s partner, is a solid willed, careless, Anduan Husky who may have been the â€Å"greatesttracking hound that ever lived.† This pooch summarizes themeaning of a man’s closest companion. Playful, who can follow athree-day-old aroma in the center winter, is the reasonthe story happens as it does. Similarly as fire related crime dogshelp pinpoint the area of substances used to startfires, Frisky utilizations her sharp feeling of smell to pinpointexactly where Dennis, child of Brandon, has traveled tofrom Peyna’s farmhouse. Dennis’s mission is to go backto the palace where Thomas the Tax-Bringer and Flagg,the king’s performer, live and are at high force. Peyna,who has quite recently surrendered his Judge-General’s seat, has afeeling that there is some motivation behind why Peter has askedfor the Royal Napkins and his mother’s dollhouse. Dennisis to discover this explanation by sending a letter to Peter,who is detained at that point. Dennis ventures fromPeyna’s ranch in the Inner Baronies back to the fearfulcastle with nothing aside from the dangers of gettingkilled. After five days, with not a spirit knowing thewhereabouts of Dennis, Naomi and Ben Staad (Peter’sbest companion) happen upon the abandoned homestead. Naomi’s dogshave been pulling the sleds for thirty miles all theway from a blanketed empty where they were enjoying nature. We will compose a custom paper on The Eyes Of The Dragon (1228 words) explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The two presently feel powerless. With no sign on where therefriend had ventured out to, they scan perseveringly for anysigns of what they are to do straightaway and discover nothing atall. â€Å"If just there were an approach to follow him,† Ben saysand, from there on, a light lights in Naomi’s headlike the sun on a due-doused morning (King 296). Thisis the encapsulation of where Frisky fits into the image. After brief conversation and contention, Ben and Naomidiscover that there are hints of Dennis in thisabandoned shed yet it can't be recognized by people andFrisky’s feeling of smell resembles the â€Å"eyesight of a manwith the look of a hawk† (King 299). Stephen Kingsubstantially brings up that Dennis’s fragrance is abright electric blue and that Frisky has the scentstored away in her â€Å"library of scents† (King 299). Spirited leads her mates far and high, throughmany miles of snow to the abandoned farmhouse andeventually to a spot wherein they are compelled to delay. astle canal. One may seem puzzled considering whyFrisky is alluded to above as being ‘over-confident.’At the channel, after some minor clash, the Anduan Husky personallyexpedites the circumstance and goes out on a limb an into the incredible sewerpipe which takes the explorers under the manor and straightforwardly to Dennis’slocation. Other than the way that Frisky’s â€Å"noble nose† is a principle subject andcould be considered by somewhere in the range of a good, there is more instructive andentertainment esteems here than in some other piece of the story. .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 , .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 .postImageUrl , .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 , .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7:hover , .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7:visited , .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7:active { border:0!important; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; mistiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7:active , .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7:hover { haziness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enhancement: underline; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt span: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-improvement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8e f8d72977b096ca7 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ud0fc198e44aaecc8ef8d72977b096ca7:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Russian Revolutions of 1917 EssayFlagg’s creatures helper him in the entirety of his endeavors to fate the realm ofDelain. For instance, the deathwatch creepy crawly that Flagg kept confined fortwenty years is his approach to endeavor to slaughter Sasha, the King’s dearest spouse. The bug has been benefiting from infant mice that are passing on from poison. The bug is dark red and as large as a rodent (King 31). Flagg crushes thespider to death and blends the savage internal parts in with a glass of brandy,something that Sasha drinks a glass of every night to support her rest. Flaggrings for a worker to come and take the glass to her. Sasha never finds outhow near death she came that night (King 33). Another model is themouse Flagg uses to set up Peter. Flagg is an exceptionally amazing performer. Withthis information, nobody would address Flagg’s capacities to put Dragon Sand,the most destructive substance of the time, into a crate that he took from Peterlong prior and shroud the case, alongside a reviled mouse, into a mystery placethat, supposedly, just Peter thinks about. Since the proof of the wrongdoing isfound in a spot that just Peterknows about, individuals start to see a murderer’s facebehind a cover of love and regard (King 116). Peteris then attempted before a jury and taken to the highest point of theneedle whe re he is to spend a mind-blowing remainder. The peruser is acquainted with the mythical beast at the beginningof the novel when King Roland and others are chasing andire-breathing animal. The youthful mythical beast is executed whenthe bold King nocks his bolt, draws, and flames. Roland makes an immediate hit in the spot under the dragon’sthroat where it takes in air to make fire (King 13). The mythical beast bites the dust right away. In any case called the Niner,the dragon’s head is hung up in King Roland’s sittingroom alongside the leader of each other creature in whichthe King had thought about worth keeping (King 92). Thedragon’s head is a significant mystery of the manor. Flagg,being the entertainer he is, knows most mysteries of thecastle (No one, not even he, know every one of them) (King 81). Flagg, after Thomas has a terrible day at a lunch meeting withhis father, demonstrates the key to Thomas, for he has afeeling it might prompt underhandedness. This goes out to betrue. The mystery is this: After one is driven through astonish of hallways and through the â€Å"dim† entryway, he mustpress a specific stone so as to get to the passagewaythat is uncovered after the snap is heard (King 89). Atthe end of the way, there are two little boards. In the wake of sliding these boards, one wind up behind theNiner and will find that he can see directlythrough the dragon’s eyes. In spite of the fact that noticing Flagg’s advicenot to go over and over again, Thomas is viewing the night inwhich Flagg harms King Roland. Be that as it may, after Thomas isdeclared King, and long stretches of managing terriblenightmares, Thomas finds a certain something: blame andsecrets, as killed bones, never sit back and relax (King 167). Expressed in this assortment of thoughts is that the job ofthe creatures in The Eyes of the Dragon is a preeminent anddignified part of the novel. The peruser must rehash thenovel for any further affirmation. Taking everything into account, onecan currently recognize that animals’ impact on howsomething happens is imperative to ordinary livingas well as essential to the universe of writing. Composed by Michael Peebles in Hoover,ALcontact at:

Samuel Huntingtons The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of Worl

Dynamic Samuel Huntington's The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order characterizes eight significant civic establishments based on religion. This division of worldwide forces can be utilized to demonstrate that the Western human advancement will never totally overwhelm the worldwide media. While Western idea will in general lead to an increasingly agent type of government, and therefore a more libertarian or social duty based media, the other conviction frameworks of the worldwide forces will in general lead to progressively tyrant government and media positions. This distinction makes steady clash between the worldwide forces, accordingly crippling any one progress from enslaving the others. Issue Paper In The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Samuel Huntington declares the possibility that the finish of the Cold War denoted the start of a realignment of worldwide forces. Huntington accepts these forces, or civic establishments, can be recognized by religion, and he partitions the post-Cold War world into eight significant developments: Sinic/Confucian; Japanese; Hindu; Islamic; Orthodox; Western; Latin American; and conceivably African (45-47). This division of intensity among religion is the reason for the contention against complete Anglo-predominance of a worldwide media. The huge contrasts among the different human advancements' treatment of the media will demonstrate unreasonably extraordinary for even the transnational partnerships to survive. To make Huntington's hypothesis one stride further, the strict contrasts among these civic establishments will be at the core of the powerlessness of the Western (Anglo-overwhelmed) world to apply all out control o ver the remainder of the world. Huntington is mindful so as to isolate every religion, with the exception of Japanese, Latin American and African, from any particul... ...ations of the Moscow Patriarchate, The Russian Orthodox Church Today. 1996. Grice, Corey. Russia, Latin America introducing fiber-optic systems. CNET News.com. February 3, 2000. Hickerson, Delvin and Trevor Kirkland, The Geography of Confucianism. May 17, 1999. Huntington, Samuel, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996. Infobeat/AP. Japan distributers compelled to mitigate depictions. November 11, 1999. Newsday/AP. Japan Crown Prince assaults press. February 23, 2000. Sprunger, Meredith. The Urantia Book - On-line Reference Edition. 2000. The New York Times/AP. Algeria confines picture taker. April 03, 2000. The Washington Post. War reports constrained on Russian TV. October 11, 1999. Yippee/Reuters. Afghanistan craftsmanship exhibition revives, however pictures prohibited. February 22, 2000.

Heres What You Need to Know About Reliability and Validity

Heres What You Need to Know About Reliability and Validity Outside of the world of research, reliability and validity are often used interchangeably. Because of this colloquial use, the true meaning of these words has become clouded. This article will explain the differences between these words from the statistical perspective and discuss the types of reliability and validity, as well as how these two constructs interact. We will start with a list of definitions, first defining reliability and validity as umbrella terms, and subsequently breaking down the different subtypes below each.The major consideration with regard to reliability versus validity is that reliability simply relates to how consistent a particular metric is, it does not consider the accuracy of the measure. This is the domain of validity. For example, an uncalibrated piece of equipment may consistently give the same results while testing a sample, and therefore it can be considered reliable. It will not give accurate results, thus the results are not valid. It would be as i f you set your bathroom scale to reflect your weight to show that you are twenty pounds lighter than you actually are. It would reliably give you roughly this weight every day, however it would not be accurate, and is therefore not valid.An uncalibrated piece of equipment may consistently give the same results while testing a sample, and therefore it can be considered reliable. It will not give accurate results, thus the results are not valid. It would be as if you set your bathroom scale to reflect your weight to show that you are twenty pounds lighter than you actually are. Photo by i yunmai on Unsplash.Definitions for various types of reliabilityIn order to get a greater depth of understanding of these fundamental concepts, it is important to discuss a few of the different types of reliability commonly considered across numerous fields of research. These constructs include the following subtypes:Reliabilityâ€"The consistency of a metricConsistencyâ€"As discussed above, this is th e core of reliability. Something that is a consistent measure will provide the same results no matter how many times you run a sample.Internal Consistency (Homogeneity)â€"This is tested by splitting the sample data in half and running a test to ensure that the two subsamples are not statistically different. This is often done using tests such as the Kruder-Richardson test, a more complex version of the split half test previously mentioned, or Chronbachs alpha.Stabilityâ€"Stability commonly refers to test-retest reliability. That is to say that it is the repeatability of the test. This is generally a correlational metric in which a correlation coefficient of less than 0.3 is weak, 0.3-0.5 is a moderate relationship, and above 0.5 is a strong correlation, and therefore the relationship is more stable. Pearsons r is a common statistical test to determine these correlation coefficients.Equivalenceâ€"This is assessed using inter-rater reliability, which is another common term for this me tric. Inter-rater reliability is achieved when the results are reliable even if a different person is doing the assessment or running the sample.Further information on these topics can be found in the Research Made Simple article in Evidence Based Nursing by Heale and Twycross (2015). Additionally, a common example of test-retest reliability provided in statistics classes, and discussed by Pagano (2010) is the IQ test. If one assumes that a persons IQ is stable over time, this test is a relatable example of test-retest reliability; no matter how many times you take the test, the score will be approximately the same. This example also works for inter-rater reliability as it does not matter if you are given the test by two different people, or if you do a computerized version, the test will still provide reliable results. The test will generate the same score for the participant consistently, however this does not address the validity of the test.Reliability is also a synonym for stat istical significance, which occurs when one is able to reject the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is essentially the assertion that there is no difference between two populations (or more) that are being examined. In responsible research, scientists do not try to prove their idea, they try to see if they can disprove it, thus they check to see if they can reject the null or not. When the null hypothesis is rejected this means that the results of a particular test are not due to chance, with a probability generally below 0.05%. As Pagano says (2010), It might have been better to use the term reliable to convey this meaning rather than significant. However, the usage of significant is well established, so we will have to live with it.Definitions for various types of validityTo continue with various definitions youll need surrounding the concept of validity, see below.Validityâ€"Accurate measurementContent Validityâ€"If the metric in question covers all of the aspects that need to be considered for a given variable in order to accurately assess itFace Validityâ€"This is a subset of content validity in which experts in the field assess whether or not a particular instrument is capable of accurately measuring a particular variableConstruct Validityâ€"The test scores allow you to make predictions based on themHomogeneityâ€"The metric is only reflecting one theory, more specifically that the experimental samples scores have the same finite variance (the statistical properties are the same across the data set)Convergenceâ€"The instrument produces similar results to established metrics that assess the concept in questionTheory Evidenceâ€"The test results are representative of observable evidence, for example if the IQ test provides a high score for an individual and they actually have a high degree of general intelligenceCriterion Validityâ€"The instrument used to assess the construct in question highly correlates, greater than 0.5, with other modes of measurement for similar variablesConvergent Validityâ€"The demonstration that a particular instrument correlates greater than 0.5 with other instruments that measure a similar variableDivergent Validityâ€"The demonstration that there is a correlation of less than or equal to 0.3 between instruments intended to measure different variablesPredictive Validityâ€"The ability of an instrument to forecast future outcomes related to the variable in questionAdditional consideration should be given to the following types of validity as well. As described in Research Design and Statistical Analysis, a rather daunting and heavy text by Myers, Well, and Lorch (2010):Internal Validityâ€"The observations made using a particular measure can be attributed to the variable being manipulated, aka the independent variableExternal Validityâ€"This is the degree to which the observations made can be related to other populations of interest or related conditionsInteractions between reliability and validityAs illustrat ed below in a diagram used by many sources, there are interactions between reliability and validity. On the first dartboard, you can see a pictographic demonstration for data that is reliable, but not valid. The player consistently hits roughly the same spot, but is never on target, and therefore not accurate. In the second example, the player always hits the board so it is arguably accurate, given that the margin of error is rather high, but you can not rely on consistency. The third graphic demonstrates a condition in which the data is neither reliable nor accurate; they are only hitting part of the target and the shots are not evenly distributed around the bulls eye, which is meant to symbolize the variable that is supposed to be under scrutiny. The fourth board is the ideal that one strives for in science; not only is the data consistently showing similar values, but it is accurately assessing the experimental variable of interest, being the bulls eye.Interactions between reliab ility and validity. Diagram Provided by Researchgate.Summary of key pointsReliability=Consistency?Statistical SignificanceValidity=AccuracyReliability+Validity=Credible Experimental ResultsFinal thoughtsAlthough when you are first introduced to statistical analysis it can be daunting for a lot of people, a solid foundational understanding of the jargon specific to the field will reduce the likelihood of confusion as you move into more advanced topics, apply statistics to your own data, or try to discuss statistical results with others. I encourage you to look deeper into the specific statistical analyses that are commonly used in your field to facilitate your understanding of these concepts as they relate to your life. Initially, these topics may be confusing or dry, but once you become familiar with them they will prove to be excellent tools to have in your proverbial belt. Additionally, a basic understanding of research and statistics will protect you from the charlatans of the wo rld who try to misguide others with fancy words and flawed data. As American astrophysicist, author, and science communicator Neal deGrasse Tyson once said, Science literacy is a vaccine against the charlatans of the world that would exploit your ignorance.

Dzudzuana Cave Early Upper Paleolithic Cave in Georgia

Dzudzuana Cave is a rock shelter with archaeological evidence of several human occupations dated to the Upper Paleolithic period, located in the western part of the Republic of Georgia, five kilometers east of the similarly dated Ortvale Klde rock shelter. Dzudzuana cave is a large karst formation cave, with the opening some 1800 feet (560 meters) above modern sea level and 40 ft (12 m) above the current channel of the Nekressi River. Chronology The site was also occupied during the early Bronze Age and Chalcolithic periods, but the most substantial, occupations are dated to the Upper Paleolithic, including 12 ft (3.5 m) thick layer dated between 24,000 and 32,000 radiocarbon years before the present (RCYBP), which converts to 31,000–36,000 calendar years ago cal BP). The site contains stone tools and animal bones similar to those found at the Early Upper Paleolithic occupations of Ortvale Klde, also in Georgia. Unit A: ~5,000–6,300 RCYBP, 6000 cal BP, Neolithic, 30 flax fibers, five dyedUnit B: ~11,000–13,000 RCYBP, 16,500–13,200 cal BP: Terminal Paleolithic, blades and bladelets from bi-polar cores; 48 flax fibers, three dyed (one black, two turquoise)Unit C: ~19,000–23,000 RCYBP, 27,000–24,000 cal BP: Upper Paleolithic, dominated by blades and bladelets, microliths, flake scrapers, burins, carinated cores; 787 flax fibers, 18 spun, one knotted, 38 dyed (black, gray, turquoise and one pink)Unit D: ~26,000–32,000 RCYBP, 34,500–32,200 cal BP: Upper Paleolithic, microliths, flake scrapers, thumbnail scrapers and double end scrapers, some bladelets, cores, endscrapers; 488 flax fibers, including 13 spun, 58 dyed (turquoise and gray to black), several exhibited cutting; some of the fibers are 200 mm long, others broken into shorter segments Dinner at Dzudzuana Cave Animal bones showing evidence of butchering (cut marks and burning) in the earliest Upper Paleolithic (UP) levels of the cave are dominated by the mountain goat known as the Caucasian tur (Capra cacausica). Other animals featured in the assemblages are steppe bison (Bison priscus, now extinct), aurochs, red deer, wild boar, wild horse, wolf, and pine marten. Later UP assemblages at the cave are dominated by steppe bison. The researchers suggest that may reflect seasonality of use: steppe bison would have inhabited the open steppe at the base of the foothills in early spring or summer, while tur spend the spring and summer in the mountains and come down to the steppes in late fall or winter. The seasonal use of tur is also seen at Ortvale Klde. The occupations at Dzudzuana cave were made by early modern humans, showing no evidence of Neanderthal occupations such as that seen at Ortvale Klde and other Early UP sites in the Caucasus. The site reflects additional evidence of the early and rapid dominance of EMH as they entered into regions already occupied by Neanderthals. Textile Use at Dzudzuana Cave In 2009, Georgian archaeologist Eliso Kvavadze and colleagues reported the discovery of flax (Linum usitatissimum) fibers in all levels of the Upper Paleolithic occupations, with a peak in level C. A few of the fibers in each of the levels were colored in hues of turquoise, pink and black to gray. One of the threads was twisted, and several had been spun. The ends of the fibers show evidence of being purposely cut. Kvavadze and colleagues surmise that this represents the production of colorful textiles for some purpose, perhaps clothing. Other elements that may be related to the production of clothing discovered at the site include tur hair and the micro-remains of skin beetles and moths. The fibers from Dzudzuana Cave are among the oldest evidence of the use of fiber technology, and unlike other examples, Dzudzuana cave offers details about the use of fibers unrecognized to date. The Dzudzuana Cave flax fibers have clearly been modified, cut, twisted and even dyed gray, black, turquoise and pink, most likely with locally available natural plant pigments. Perishable materials, including cordage, nets, wood, and textiles, have long been recognized as an important piece of hunter-gatherer technology in the Upper Paleolithic; but it is a technology that is nearly invisible to modern archaeologists because the organic materials are so rarely preserved. Some instances of cord and textile preservation include Iron Age bog bodies, the Bronze Age Ice Man, and Archaic period Windover Bog pond cemetery; but for the most part, organic fibers do not survive to the modern day. Purposes of Textiles Paleolithic textile technology included a range of plant fibers and a broad variety of basketry, hunting tools and woven materials apart from clothing. Commonly recognized fibers used for textiles include flax and wool from several different animals, but Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers might also have found useful fibers from several trees such as lime, willow, oak, elm, alder, yew, and ash, and plants including milkweed, nettle, and hemp. Hunter-gatherers during the Upper Paleolithic used plant fibers and cordage for a number of useful things, including clothing, basketry, footwear, and nets for traps. Types of textiles found or implicated from the evidence in Eurasian UP sites include cordage, netting, and plaited basketry and textiles with simple twined, plaited and plain woven and twilled designs. Fiber-based hunting techniques for small game included traps, snares, and nets. Excavation History of Dzudzuana Cave The site was first excavated in the mid 1960s by the Georgia State Museum under the direction of D. Tushabramishvili. The site was opened again in 1996, under the direction of Tengiz Meshveliani, as part of a joint Georgian, American and Israeli project who also conducted work at Ortvale Klde. Sources Adler, Daniel S., et al. Dating the Demise: Neandertal Extinction and the Establishment of Modern Humans in the Southern Caucasus. Journal of Human Evolution 55.5 (2008): 817-33. Print.Bar-Oz, G., et al. Taphonomy and Zooarchaeology of the Upper Palaeolithic Cave of Dzudzuana, Republic of Georgia. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 18 (2008): 131–51. Print.Bar-Yosef, Ofer, Anna Belfer-Cohen, and Daniel S. Adler. The Implications of the Middle-Upper Paleolithic Chronological Boundary in the Caucasus to Eurasian Prehistory. Anthropologie 44.1 (2006): 49–60. Print.Bar-Yosef, Ofer, et al. Dzudzuana: An Upper Palaeolithic Cave Site in the Caucasus Foothills (Georgia). Antiquity 85.328 (2011): 331-49. Print.Kvavadze, Eliso, et al. 30,000-Year-Old Wild Flax Fibers. Science 325 (2009): 1359. Print.Meshveliani, Tengiz, Ofer Bar-Yosef, and Anna Belfer-Cohen. The Upper Paleolithic in Western Georgia. The Early Upper Paleolithic Beyond Western Europe. Eds. Brantingham, P. Je ffrey, Steven L. Kuhn and Kristopher W. Kerry. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. 129-53. Print.

Each day, someone in the world dreams anywhere from a few...

Each day, someone in the world dreams anywhere from a few seconds up to thirty minutes. He or she will experience a good dream and a bad dream in his or her lifetime. Why do people dream? Scientists still do not know why people dream, but some studies say dreams are beneficial for us and help us in different ways. Certain types of dreams occur with different stages of sleep, such as lucid dreaming, nightmares, daydreams, false awakenings, etc. Dreams also help us express our feelings and relieve stress built up throughout the day. While little is known about why people dream, researchers have identified that there are three common types of dreaming. There are two different categories of sleep, REM sleep and Non-REM sleep. REM sleep, or†¦show more content†¦That is why lucid dreaming feels realistic and somewhat memorable. In the 1970’s, a parapsychologist named Keith Hearth proved that the moving eyes in a lucid dream affect the physical eye’s movement.(2) Lucid dreaming also has its effects, such as experiencing false awakening or sleep paralysis. However, if one was to have a nightmare lucid dream, it can transform the fear from the dream to courage. People have reported that knowing they are dreaming a nightmare reduced the fear by at least 60%.(5) Lucid dreaming has been a worldwide technique proven to lessen the frequency of the amount of nightmares one receives. Lucid dreaming references go back 3000 years, but the name was created in the 1900’s. (6) People can become smarter while dreaming. All people have to do is just dream about what they desire to do better in. In 2011, the Sleep Disorder s Unit in Paris did a study on the brain replaying patterns experienced during conscious hours.(4) They taught people with sleepwalking disorder dance moves and taped them while they slept that night. They discovered from their patients that they replayed the dance move previously learned while sleeping.(4) Another study in 2010 was from Harvard, college students were supposed to complete a computer maze. The students who dreamt about the maze performed better than the students who didn’t dream about the maze.(4) Also in 2010, there was a study in the University of Bern where volunteers were told to dreamShow MoreRelatedMy Experience At The Fire Department Of New York Essay1881 Words   |  8 Pagesgiven day do not think about that day and how it changed me as a person. I worked twenty years for the Fire Department of New York, I cannot say I got there by my intelligence or physical prowess it was dumb luck on a civil service exam. My retirement was very simple first when I was a teenager my family summered in Wells Beach I ha d gotten a summer job at the local beach market known as Ben’s Market I worked there four summers. 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Subtypes of Schizophrenia Free Essays

Paranoid Type People with paranoid type of schizophrenia suffered from delusions and hallucinations (mostly auditory), but they can speak logically and give appropriate emotional responses since their cognitive skills and affect are intact. These patients may have delusions and hallucinations characterized by themes of grandeur or persecution, i.e. We will write a custom essay sample on Subtypes of Schizophrenia or any similar topic only for you Order Now thinking themselves as famous persons or being persecuted, so these usually make them less likely to get social support. Disorganized Type People with disorganized schizophrenia perform disrupted speech and behavior. They may jump from topic to topic suddenly in their speech and this make their conversation illogical. Sometimes they show blunt affected or inappropriate emotional responses, for example, they may cry after listening to a joke. If they also experienced delusions and hallucinations, these false thinking and perception will appear to be fragmented and disorganized. Catatonic Type People with catatonic type of schizophrenia will hold their bodies in specific positions for a long time. If someone tries to change their rigid gestures, they will keep their bodies in the original positions again and this is called waxy flexibility. In contract to waxy flexibility, sometimes they are excessively active. They may also display odd bodily mannerisms and facial expressions and often mimic the words or movements of others. Undifferentiated Type People with undifferentiated type of schizophrenia suffered from the major symptoms of the disorder, but they do not fit neatly into the three subtypes mentioned above. Residual Type People with residual type of schizophrenia have had at least one episode of schizophrenia but they no longer display major schizophrenic symptoms. They may experience residual or ‘leftover’ symptoms, such as negative belief, social withdrawal, bizarre thoughts, inactivity and flat affect. Other Psychotic Disorders People with other psychotic disorders may display similar symptoms as schizophrenia but these symptoms do not fit neatly into the diagnostic criteria of schizophrenia. Other psychotic disorders include the following categories. Schizophreniform Disorder Some people have suffered from the symptom of schizophrenia for a few months, and after treatment, the symptoms disappear for no apparent reason. This type of disorder was classified as schizophreniform disorder. Schizoaffective Disorder The patients with schizophrenic symptoms and also mood disorders are diagnosed as schizoaffective disorder. Delusional Disorder This type of patients suffered from no other symptoms of schizophrenia except delusion, and their delusions are not realistic. These delusions are not due to organic factors such as brain seizures. Brief Psychotic Disorder Patients with brief psychotic disorder suffered from one or more positive symptoms, or disorganized speech or behavior lasting 1 month or less. The patients then regain the ability of functioning in daily living. This disorder can be triggered by severe life stressors suddenly. Shared Psychotic Disorder (Folie a Deux) People suffered from shared psychotic disorder because they are influenced by schizophrenic delusional patients who have very close relationship with them. They experienced delusions which are originated from these delusional individuals with similar themes and nature. How to cite Subtypes of Schizophrenia, Essay examples

Impact of Downsizing on Corporate Strategy-Samples for Students

Question: Dind ways of downsizing and its impact on corporate/ business strategy. Answer: Methods of downsizing Downsizing is an overall reaction to one or more of four settings namely, mergers and acquisitions, reduced profitability and market share through improvement of technology and varying industry, the introduction of new corporate structure, and the notion that the least the better (Sitlington, Marshall, 2011). There are three central downsizing approaches according to Kim Cameron namely, Workforce reductions, work redesign, and systematic change (Gandolfi, 2013). Workforce Reductions This approach also known as layoffs, primarily focuses on the elimination of headcount and the reduction of the size of the workforce. It involves activities such as layoffs, retrenchments, natural attritions, and premature retirements (Gandolfi, 2013). Gandolfi notes that this approach is acted on reactively to cost-cutting and is a short-term approach to the reducing profits. Workforce reductions are most likely negative and do not readily achieve the expected results. Carriger (2016) questions whether workforce reduction produces the anticipated results. Over 50% of the organizations that implement workforce reduction strategies do not attain reduced expenditures as initially intended. Furthermore, studies show that most of the firms realize after downsizing that some of the terminated employees carried out very significant roles, and as a result, these organizations have to come into terms with the loss and engage new employees. In endeavoring to maintain both the input of the skilled employees and profitability of the firm, the HR has devised alternative cost reduction strategies or instead alternatives to workforce reductions. These strategies are implemented over a period and they do not involve workforce reduction but instead cost reduction. For instance, they can be grouped into short-term cost adjustments (mandatory vacation, reduced workweek, cut in overtime pay and salary reduction), medium-term cost adjustments (extended salary reductions, employee lending and exit incentives) and long-term cost adjustments (internal job affairs and maintaining communication with laid-off staff) (Gandolfi, 2013). Work redesign This approach mostly emphasizes on the elimination of unnecessary work, instead of reducing the size of the workforce (Gandolfi, 2013). It includes actions like eradicating functions, eliminating hierarchy levels, teams, divisions, products, restructuring responsibilities, and decreasing work hours. Vacant positions are targeted and then abolished during the redesign. For instance, a cataloging hierarchy at a library that hasnt been occupied for a long time may be repealed and its roles assigned to the clerk. Work redesign is less stressful to the staff and employer because the downsized positions or departments are not filled prior and thus are unproductive. Work redesign also comprises of merging in addition to the removal of specific roles or job levels. For example, if an organization experiences significant loss beyond recovery, it may decide to partner with another company that is doing well. A successful merger requires the struggling company to merge with a stable firm. Work redesign by merger takes more time than the simple elimination of vacant positions. Work redesigns are rarely implemented due to their complexity and their need for advanced analysis of the affected areas (Gandolfi, 2013). Systemic Strategy A systematic strategy is an approach whose view to organization change is more holistic. This method, therefore, considers all aspects of the firm such as suppliers, customer service, production techniques, design procedures, and stock (Gandolfi, 2013). The emphasis of this approach is changing the intrinsic culture of the business and the employees attitudes and ethics. Instead of perceiving downsizing as a contrary initiative, this method outlines the positive impacts of cost reduction. The systemic approach emphasizes an increase in clientele and productivity to attract employees appreciation. However, such techniques may not produce the desired results in the short-term, but the positive outcomes can be recognized in the long-term. Instead of emphasizing on organizational gain and job loss, the systemic approach focuses on the client. Such focus results in improved customer service during the economic regression, which finally culminates to increased returns. This approach is mos t applicable at the start of the financial crisis and least efficient at the peak of the financial difficulty. Impacts of Downsizing on Corporate/business Strategy Numerous studies have been carried out on downsizing to ascertain the consequences of downsizing on both the individual employee and the corporation as a whole (Datta et al., 2010). The impacts of downsizing on business or corporate strategy have been viewed from the perspective of their effect on the psychological and behavioral of individual employees who have been terminated and the survivors. This is because organizational strategies are designed and implemented by the human resources that are affected by downsizing (Kim, 2003). Downsizing is a process that disrupts the normal flow of organizational operations because it calls for the restructuring of roles and responsibilities assigned to the terminated employees and those that remain (Datta et al., 2010). This implies that the organization has to strategize all over again and this is costly concerning time and resources. As previously mentioned, downsizing results in problems and fails to attain the objectives of the organization through the implementation of the corporate strategy. This is as a result of the negative impacts that downsizing has on the survivor employees such as high-stress levels, increased job insecurity, loss of trust, job dissatisfaction, and low productivity (Datta et al., 2010). These affect organizational commitment which also determines the successful implementation of business strategy. According to Adair Erickson, Roloff (2008), the decrease in organizational commitment decreases the success of the implementation of corporate strategy. This is because the surviving employees believe that there is bias in downsizing, the staffs are worried about the future of their jobs, and they think that the layoffs will increase workloads. Downsizing means the decrease in the number of employees and a corresponding increase in the workload. This reduces the efficiency of the workforce and hinders successful implementation of the business strategy. It also does away with specialization because the survivors have to share the responsibilities of those whose employment has been terminated. These affect the success of the business strategy because the employees previously allocated specific roles are in existence, and their functions are added up to the survivors who already have burdens to bear. Schmitt, Borzillo, Probst, (2012) argue that the individual competency of the survivors is threatened because of the additional loads from the laid-off colleagues resulting in lack of job clarity. Each employee is initially assigned roles befitting the qualifications when designing organizational strategy, and yet downsizing eliminates the employee who leaves a gap in the implementation of the business strategy. The lack of the r equired skills to adapt the plan also contributes to its failure. Or if the procedure is implemented, it is not likely to attain the expected results. Ambrose, Chiravuri (2010) reasons that downsizing negatively affects the reputation of the organization which makes it difficult to win the confidence of the best-qualified employees in the market for they fear of job security. This changes corporate strategy in that the organization no longer has the required expert skills to achieve its objectives after losing the employees that it had invested a lot in training and had the right experience. Furthermore, reduced reputation negatively affects the perception of the financiers or stakeholders and that of loyal customers thus hindering the success of the corporate strategy because the business will be financially constrained and the loss of loyal customers will reduce the market share and revenues. Impacts of Downsizing on HR Planning Human resource planning is a process that determines the short-term and long-term human resource for the corporation to attain its goals. HR planning serves as a connecting bridge between the human resource management and the general strategic plan of the business. The HR planning is equally affected by downsizing because of loss of training investment from turnover. The staff whose employment has been terminated has incurred organizations resources through training, and this means that the human resource department has to begin all over again (Mellahi, Wilkinson, 2010). Additionally, the HR department is unable to make long-term plans for the labor force because of the effects of downsizing. This is because HR planning requires the analysis of the present employee resources alongside the objectives of the corporation and matches that with any future needs. Now, downsizing disrupts the normal flow of operations upon which the HR planning had been based. This implies that the human resource department has to plan afresh and restructure the organizational roles thus affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of human resource planning. Downsizing also affects HR planning regarding cost. The employees that are laid off are often hired back as consultants to the firm because the organization realizes too late that the initial objective of cutting costs through downsizing was a mistake because it was done at the expense of the achievement of the corporate goals. Thus the human resource department has to incur additional costs in its function of planning. Studies show that non-financial expenses are usually disregarded when downsizing and yet they are significant in HR planning. Costs like the loss of outstanding talent and disruption of organizational memory (Gong, Greenwood, 2012) are part of the reasons for failed downsizing and hr planning. References Adair Erickson, R., Roloff, M. E. (2008). Reducing attrition after downsizing: Analyzing the effects of organizational support, supervisor support, and gender on organizational commitment.International Journal of Organizational Analysis,15(1), 35-55. Ambrose, P. J., Chiravuri, A. (2010). A socio?cognitive interpretation of the potential effects of downsizing on software quality performance.Information Systems Journal,20(3), 239-265. Carriger, M. (2016). To downsize or not to downsizewhat does the empirical evidence suggest?.Journal of Strategy and Management,9(4), 449-473. Datta, D. K., Guthrie, J. P., Basuil, D., Pandey, A. (2010). Causes and effects of employee downsizing: A review and synthesis.Journal of Management,36(1), 281-348. Gandolfi, F. (2013). Workforce downsizing: Strategies, archetypes, approaches and tactics.Journal of Management Research,13(2), 67. Gong, B., Greenwood, R. A. (2012). Organizational memory, downsizing, and information technology: A theoretical inquiry.International Journal of Management,29(3), 99. Kim, W. B. (2003). Economic crisis, downsizing and layoff survivor's syndrome.Journal of Contemporary Asia,33(4), 449-464. Mellahi, K., Wilkinson, A. (2010). Slash and burn or nip and tuck? Downsizing, innovation and human resources.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,21(13), 2291-2305. Schmitt, A., Borzillo, S., Probst, G. (2012). Dont let knowledge walk away: Knowledge retention during employee downsizing.Management Learning,43(1), 53-74. Sitlington, H., Marshall, V. (2011). Do downsizing decisions affect organisational knowledge and performance?.Management Decision,49(1), 116-129.

THE CIVILIZING MACHINE Essays - American Culture,

THE CIVILIZING MACHINE Gertrude Bonin's "The Civilizing Machine" deals with the issues that arise in the authors life as a young Native American leaving her family and way of life to be educated at a Quaker school in the 1800's. Being a Native American and then being immersed into an European education system that existed to "civilize" her in the ways of the white culture caused much confusion in the author's struggle as a teen to develop a since of who she was, "Even nature seemed to have no place for me. I was neither a wee girl nor a tall one; neither a wild nor a tame one." Other conflicts arise in Gertrudes life that deals with her mother's ability to relate to her daughter's feelings of unhappiness, "She was not capable of comforting her daughter who could read and write." In this essay Gertrude is trying to show the effects of her schooling to be one of a negative nature, which she fails to do. Gertrude while seeming to despise her schooling, "It was inbreed into me to suffer in silence rather than to appeal to the ears of one whose open eyes could not see my pain, I have many times trudged in the day's harness heavy-footed, like a dumb sick brute." Yet she still yearns for the benefits of her education when she wishes to be taken along to her cousins party. Another issue that takes away from her ability to show her schooling to be a negative experience, is that without it how would she have been able to express these feelings about the effects of the way she was educated. While I feel she failed to truly show her education to be all that bad of thing for her to go through, she did an excellent job of showing what emotionally Native Americans had to deal with while their culture was being deprived and another way of life being forced upon them.

Andrew Jackson Essays - Second Party System, Taney Court

Andrew Jackson Essays - Second Party System, Taney Court Andrew Jackson Guardians of Freedom? The first and truest ideals of democracy were embodied in the political ideas of Andrew Jackson and the Jacksonian democrats. Calling themselves the guardians of the United States Constitution, the Jacksonian politicians engendered wide spread liberty under a government which represented all men, rather than only the upper class. While some policies under the democrats had evident flaws, they were, for the most part, eager social reformers who strived to put the power of government into the hands of the common citizens. The convictions and ideals of the Jacksonian Democrats can be best illustrated through a passage written by George Henry Evans. Evans was an editor with strong democratic principles who created The Working Mens Declaration of Independence (Doc. A). Within the declaration, Evans stresses the importance of establishing democracy. He uses words and phrases from Jeffersons Declaration of Independence to clarify his points and stress his convictions. Stating the absolute necessity of the organization of the party, Evans explains that it will be possible to prevent the upper class from subverting the indefeasible and fundamental privilege of liberty. And finally, Evans states that it is the common citizens right to use every constitutional means necessary to reform the abuses and provide new guards for future security. In doing so, he documented the characteristic attitude of the majority of the country in the 1820s and 1830s. Evans was only one of the many Jacksonian democrats to contribute to the success of the party and to the reforms that they made. Chief Justice Roger B. Taneys opinion in the Supreme Court Case of Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge was a capitalist decision which was a typical response for a Jacksonian democrat (Doc. H). This decision stated that while the Charter of 1785 allowed the Charles River Bridge to be constructed, it did not prohibit any other bridges from being constructed. Therefore, Taney decided that the capitalistic competition would be healthy for the economy of the regions along the Charles River. In doing this, Taney was eliminating the monopolies of the elite and creating equal economic opportunities for all citizens. As a result, Taney contributed to one of the major achievements of the Jacksonian Democrats - to create economic equality. The President of the United States of America and leader of the Democratic party, Andrew Jackson, was perhaps the most outspoken democrat of the time. He used his position as leader of the country to give more power to the common man. Even before his election as president, he succeeded in having the property qualification eliminated, therefore, increasing the voting population tremendously. Jackson became the first president truly elected by the common man, rather than only high society. For the first time in the history of the nation, the middle class received the opportunity to participate in the government that ruled them. Jackson did not stop with the reformation of the election process. Instead, he attacked the Bank of the United States and vetoed the re-charter for the institution. President Jackson explained that the banks stock was held by only foreigners and a few hundred rich American citizens. As a result, the bank maintained an exclusive privilege of banking... - a monopoly (Doc. B). The Democrats believed the bank to be a tool of rich oppression and a dangerous institution because the men in power were of the highest class and utterly irresponsible to the people. So, President Jackson vetoed the re-charter and it was closed. The money was dispersed into several state banks and the monopoly was disintegrated. Indeed, the Democrats succeeded in creating a new government for the rule of a society of middle class citizens. And, the middle class began to prosper under the struggle for economic equality. Visiting the United States in 1834, Harriet Martineau reported the prosperity of the country (Doc. D). She discovered the absence of poverty, gross ignorance, and insolence of manner as well as towns with newspapers and libraries. She also reported on political debated with common citizens as judges. It is quite clear that the expansion of suffrage, support for individual rights, and advances of democratic society were responsible for the prosperity of the time. However, it would be both irrational and naive to assume that the ideals of Jacksonian democrats were without flaw. And it would be preposterous to conceive a period in American history without its low points. This holds true for the period of 1820 - 1830 as well. A number of middle class citizens misinterpreted democratic reforms as an opportunity to disregard

Employee Engagement (MA Human Resource Management) Coursework

Employee Engagement (MA Human Resource Management) - Coursework Example 10 6. Conclusion 12 References 1. Introduction The involvement of the specific organization in a New Global HR programme should be checked by referring primarily to the relevant evidence, meaning the literature related to this issue but also the findings of the empirical research. At the next level, the potentials of the firm to perform well in such project would be evaluated by reviewing the results of similar business projects, i.e. other projects of similar characteristics in which the firm participated, directly or indirectly. The experience of the firm’s managers in HR management plans will be also taken into consideration. It should be noted that the development of secure assumptions regarding the potential performance of the firm in such project would be rather impossible. Only estimations can be made regarding the potentials of the firm for further growth through the specific project. On the other hand, the fact that the firm has successfully entered the global market, through its subsidiaries in India and Taiwan cannot be ignored. The needs of the firm for stabilization in the international marketplace have to be taken into account for deciding whether the engagement in such plan could result to benefits or to losses for the organization. The various implications of the particular plan will be presented and evaluated using the relevant literature. Assumptions are made based on the evidence gathered on the issues under discussion. 2. Employee engagement, role in the facilitation of business purposes In order to understand the role of employee engagement within the organization, especially regarding the facilitation of the business purposes, it would be necessary to refer primarily to the context of employee engagement, i.e. its elements and its mission. The potential forms of employee engagement are presented below; based on the form of employee engagement chosen, a relevant assumption can be produced regarding the role of employee engagement in the facilitation of business purposes. Furthermore, this view will be used in order to decide whether the suggested business plan is expected to perform well – based on its alignment with the needs of the organization but also of the employees, as reflected in their engagement to the organization. In accordance with the literature published on the specific subject, employee engagement is a rather complex concept, which is quite important for the success of business projects. However, in many cases, it is ignored being considered as having just a secondary role in daily business operations. In accordance with Federman (2009) there are four levels of employee engagement: a) at the first level, no attention is given to employee engagement; the needs of the employee are ignored. A high percentage of modern organizations belong to the specific category, about 27%, as Federman (2009, p.2) notes, b) at the second level, employee engagement is considered as just an event. In the cont ext of this thought, the following assumption is developed regarding the employee engagement: employee engagement can be included in the context of an organizational restructuring, as the result of an important change in the organization, for example ‘the change of its president’ (Federman 2009, p.2); however it could not be fully implemented. This means

Ecotourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ecotourism - Essay Example uld be considered as culturally significant for the local people, it becomes necessary to take care that tourism does not in any way hurt the well being of such communities. Infact one way of improving the well being of the local communities would be to provide them with direct financial benefits to help them conserve the environment or purchasing goods and services directly from them and empowering them. As can be seen from the above discussion, the main difference, as Beeton (1998) points out, between other types of tourism and eco-tourism is that eco-tourism is more involved in conserving the ecological aspect of the environment; there is greater attention given to the ethical aspect of preserving the environment and improving the well being of the local communities involved. Ecotourism activities can include a whole range of activities from photography, wild life viewing, bird watching, mountaineering and even skiing. These activities can come under different categories of touris m but they become ecotourism activities solely when people become aware of the ethical responsibility they have in preserving and conserving the environment. It is therefore not hard to imagine why ecotourism is given precedence in the study of sociology. Sociology, put simply, is the study of the society. It provides deep insight about the social behavior and activities of humans within a society. Buckley (2004), states that the study of social norms is an inherent part of the discipline of sociology and social norms especially pertinent to outdoor creation, have drawn considerable attention in the past few years. Therefore, ecotourism in sociological terms simply seeks to define social norms which are used in evaluating outdoor behavior and environmental conditions. The growth of... Ecotourism Encouraging ecotourism in developing countries would firstly and fore mostly help the economy diversify. As a result of promoting ecotourism, more businesses will spring up and further business expansion in different fields would help spread the risk over a range of diverse economic activities. This is most important relevant to those developing countries who are highly dependent on a single sector in their economy (oil production or agricultural production). The diversification will also help bring in monetary benefits for the local economy. By bringing people into the area, new money will be injected into the economy. The most important strategy for a sustained ecotourism approach is to increase the participation and involvement of the local people. The whole essence of ecotourism lies in its ability to improve the well being of the local community. The new money circulating in the economy can be used in a variety of forms. It can be used on public expenditure and can be spent on building infrastructure for the country. It can also take the form of greater employment opportunities, and increased production which will attempt to increase the GDP of the country. Production induced phenomenon will work when businesses will buy goods and services from other business and consumption induced phenomenon will work when the final consumers would buy goods and services. However, the promotion of ecotourism must be done with caution because it can also put an additional burden on the financial and economic resources of the country.

The Jacobean and Victorian age of literature

The Jacobean and Victorian age of literature Chapter -1 INTRODUCTION The first thing we should know that why we study about literature and its history. We study literature because it has two features, one of simple pleasure and cherishing, the other of analysis and accurate explanation. In literature, for a short time, at least, we find a new world, a world that it seems a place of fantasy and magic. Literature is the utterance of life in words of sincerity and attractiveness. The first theme of this course is an introduction to the Jacobean Age and Victorian Age. Jacobean Age (1603-1625) After the death of Queen Elizabeth in 1603, James 1 ascended the throne of England. The period of his reign is called the Jacobean Age. This age was also known as the Age of Transition. The Jacobean era succeeds the  Elizabethan era  and precedes the Caroline era, and specifically denotes a style of architecture, visual arts, decorative arts, and literature that is predominant of that period. During this period,  painting and  sculpture fall behind architecture in achievement because there was no fine expert of either. The chief of the early Jacobean painters was the marvelous miniaturist Isaac Oliver. Most of the Jacobean portraitists, like the sculptors, were foreign-born or foreign-influenced—for example, Marcus Gheerhaerts the Younger, Paul van Somer, Cornelius Johnson, and Daniel Mytens. Their efforts were later excel by those of the Flemish painters Peter Paul Rubens and Anthony Van Dyck, who worked in England during the reign of  Charles I. Elizabeth was famous and understanding, whereas, James was not at all famous. He was ignorant and could not communicate with the people. His court was wasteful and dishonorable. The critical nature can be seen in the literature of the age. Key Themes: Economy and Society: At the beginning of the 17th century, England and Wales had more than four million people. The population had doubled above the preceding century, and it proceeded to grow for next 50 years. Increase in population led to social and economic problems, like long term price inflation. Government and Society: Seventeenth century was completely bound together with the social hierarchy that controlled local communities. Rank, status, and reputation were the basis that allows members of the local elect to serve the crown either in the counties or at court. Political theory strained hierarchy, patriarchy, and deference in narrating the natural order of English society. The most common illustration of this political community was the metaphor of the body politics. Religious Policy: The Millenary Petition (1603) began a debate on the religious formation that James intended to defend. The king called many major bishops to hold the formal discussion with the reformers. The Hampton Court Conference (1604) saw the king waking personal role in the discussion. Finance and Politics: The annual budget in Scotland was hardly 50,000. James I inherited serious financial problems. Queen Elizabeth had left a debt of more than 400,000. James’s good chance that the latter grew after the judges ruled in Bate’s case (1606). Jacobean Drama Jacobean literature begins with the drama, including some of Shakespeares famous and tragic plays. The dominant literary figure of Jamess reign was Ben  Jonson, whose varied and dramatic works followed classical models and were enriched by his worldly, peculiarly English wit. His satiric dramas, notably the great Volpone (1606), all take a cynical view of human nature. One of the reasons for the immorality in Jacobean drama was it that it lost all the communication with the common people. In the age of Elizabeth, the dramatists and the audiences had been satisfied whereas, in the age of James, dramatists borrowed the themes and overstated the attitude of Spanish drama, and came across of interest and crime in Italy and Italian subjects. They refreshed the drama of tragedy into the drama of horror. Jacobean dramatist, however, showed a special skill in development of their themes and plots. Jacobean drama was patronized mostly by the classes which were known as Morality without character. Themes of death, time and instability committed the focus of most writers. Shakespearean tragedy does give rise to the sentiments of sorrow and worry, but it does not form depression. There are death and destruction. The cheer feeling is absent from Jacobean tragedy. The doubt, obscurity and despair of this age are reflected by its tragedy also. The Jacobean Age also brought a new kind of fashion, realistic and satire comedy. Victorian Age (1830-1901) The Victorian Period revolves about the political career of Queen Victoria. She was crowned in 1837 and died in 1901. A great deal of change took place during this periodbrought about because of the Industrial Revolution; so its not surprising that the literatureof the period is often concerned with social reform. The 19th century was one of fast development and restyle, far rapidly than in previous centuries. In this period England changed from a rural, agricultural country to an urban, industrialised one. This involved huge disruption and thoroughly adjusted the attributes of society. It took many years for both government and people to accommodate to the new conditions. Key Themes: Population growth and migration: Between 1801 and 1871 alone the population of the UK increased. Migration started in both directions. Many people left their home town in search of a better life. Most people who were poor migrated in large numbers, especially, Irish poor to England, Scotland, as well as abroad. Therefore, population of UK rises, where people came to find work. Migrants from across the world also settled in Britain, notably Jews from Europe and Russia. The Industrial Revolution: New inventions started taking place that force to a large development of production, through the factory system. There were vast social costs: the mechanized of work, child labour, pollution, and the growth of cities where poverty, pollution and illness bloomed. Also farm work affects long hours, very little salary and exposure to all weathers. The rise of the middle classes: Society was hierarchical, but there was much social and geographical flexibility. Self-made entrepreneurs used their new wealth to grow in society, building huge houses, educating their children and employing domestic servants. It was noted later that by the 1880s 1.25 million people were employed in domestic service. The growth of democracy: The franchise was gently stretched out to the working classes, till by the end of the period there were legal rights for men. The fight for votes for women was in full swing, but it was not until 1930 that women achieved the same voting rights as men. Expansion of Empire: Britain lost her American Empire, before the starting of 19th century. They were acquiring another in India. Britain’s accession of additional territory over the world continued strongly. By the end of Victorias reign imperialists could boast that the sun never set upon the British Empire. Victorian Drama In Victorian drama, farces, musical burlesques, extravaganzas and comic operas competed with Shakespeare productions and serious drama by the likes of James Planchà © and Thomas William Robertson. Victorian drama sees changes with excess on the London stage of  farces,  comic operas, and many more that competed with  Shakespeare  productions and serious drama by the likes of  James Planche  and  Thomas William Robertson. The 19th century saw the drama become the greatest form of literature in English. The works by pre-Victorian writers such as  Jane Austen and Walter Scott  had elaborate two things-social satire and adventure stories. Victorian novels aim to be glorifying images of difficult lives in which hard work, diligence, love and luck. They leaned to be of a developing nature with a moral lesson and mixed with a heavy dose of sentiment. While this formula was the basis for much of earlier Victorian fiction, the situation became more complex as the century pr ogressed. The Victorians dramatists also started writing novels on children, putting a purpose to stop child labour and the introduction of necessary education. Children began to read and so, literature for young people became a growth industry. Therefore, writers started producing works for children. Writers like  Lewis Carroll,R. M. Ballantyne  and Anna Sewell wrote mainly for children, even though they had an adult following.

Slavery in the chocolate industry

Slavery in the Chocolate Industry Chocolate is a product of the cacao bean which grows primarily in the tropical climates of West Africa and Latin America. The cacao bean is more commonly referred to as cocoa, so that is the term we will use throughout. Two West African countries, Ghana and the Ivory Coast, supply 75% of the world's cocoa market. [l] The cocoa they grow and harvest is sold to a variety of chocolate companies, including some of the largest in the world. In recent years, a handful of organizations and Journalists have exposed the widespread use of child labor, and in some cases slavery, on West African cocoaSince that time, the industry has become increasingly secretive, making it difficult for reporters to not only access farms where human rights violations still occur, but to then disseminate this information to the public. For example, in 2004 a journalist was kidnapped and remains missing today. [4] More recently, three journalists from a daily newspaper were detai ned by government authorities in the Ivory Coast after publishing an article about government corruption related to the cocoa industry. 5] The farms of West Africa supply cocoa to international giants such s Hersheys, Mars and Nestl © – revealing the industrys direct connection to child labor, human trafficking and slavery. chocolate contentl The Worst Forms of Child Labor In West Africa, cocoa is a commodity crop grown primarily for export. As the chocolate industry has grown over the years, so has the demand for cheap cocoa. Today, cocoa farmers barely make a living selling the beans and often resort to the use of child labor in order to keep their prices competitive.The children of West Africa are surrounded by intense poverty and most begin working at a young age to help support their family. Some children end up on the cocoa farms because they need work and they are told the pay is good. Other children are â€Å"sold† by their own relatives to traffickers or to the farm owners, and it has also been documented that traffickers often abduct the young boys from small villages in neighboring African countries, such as Burkina Faso and Mali. [3] Once they have been taken to the cocoa farms, the children may not see their families for years, if ever.When a child is delivered to the farm by a family member, that relative collects a sum of money either up front or at the end of an agreed duration of labor. Unfortunately, the relatives do not realize that the children will be exposed to a dangerous work environment and deprived of an education. Most of the children are between the ages of 12-16, but children as young as 7 have end up working on the cocoa farms through adulthood. A child's workday begins at sunrise and ends in the evening. The children climb the cocoa trees and cut the bean pods using a machete.These large, heavy, dangerous knives are the standard tools for children on the cocoa farms. Once the bean pods have been cut from the trees , the children pack the pods into large sacks and carry or rag them through the forest. â€Å"Some of the bags were taller than me. It took two people to put the bag on my head. And when you didn't hurry, you were beaten. â€Å"[2] – Aly Diabate, former cocoa slave. Holding a single large pod in one hand, the children strike the pod with the machete and pry it open with the tip of the blade, exposing the cocoa beans. Each strike of the machete has the potential to severely cut a child's fingers or hand.Virtually every child has scars on the hands, arms, legs or shoulders from accidents with the machete. In addition to the hazards of using a machete, children are also commonly exposed to gricultural chemicals on the West African cocoa farms. [3] Tropical regions such as the Ivory Coast consistently have to deal with prolific insect populations and choose to spray the pods with large amounts of industrial agricultural chemicals. Without protective equipment, children as young as 12 spray the pods with hazardous chemicals. [6] The farm owners often provide the children with the most inexpensive food available, such as corn paste and bananas. 2] In some cases, the children sleep on wooden planks in small windowless buildings with no access to clean water or sanitary athrooms. [2] Again, they may live in these conditions for months or even years. Most of the children are unable to attend school while they are working, which is a violation of the International Labor Organization (ILO) child labor standards. Depriving these children of an education has many short-term and long-term effects on their lives. The children of the cocoa farms have little hope of ever breaking the cycle of poverty.Slavery In recent years, cases have been documented in which children and adults on cocoa farms were retained against their will and forced to work. 2] While the term â€Å"slavery' has a variety of historical contexts, slavery in the cocoa industry involves the same cor e human rights violations as other forms of slavery throughout the world. chocolate_content3Cases often involve acts of physical violence, such as being whipped for working slowly or trying to escape. [2] There have also been cases documented where children and adults were locked in at night to prevent them from of my life.I had seen others who tried to escape. When they tried they were severely beaten. â€Å"[2] Drissa, a recently freed cocoa slave who had never even tasted chocolate, xperienced similar circumstances and when asked what he would tell the people who eat chocolate made from slave labor, he replied that the people enjoyed something that he suffered to make, adding: â€Å"When people eat chocolate they are eating my flesh. â€Å"†[8] Is Slave-free Chocolate Possible? To date, relatively little progress has been made in reducing and eliminating child labor and slavery in the cocoa industry of West Africa.The governments of Ghana and the Ivory Coast lack the res ources needed to properly investigate and prosecute employers who violate international labor laws. At the very least, they have agreed to ork to eliminate what the ILO calls â€Å"the worst forms of child labor. † These are defined as practices â€Å"likely to harm the health, safety or morals of children† and include the use of â€Å"hazardous tools† and any work that â€Å"interferes with Currently, the vast majority of children on West African cocoa farms endure â€Å"the worst forms of child labor† every day.Despite their role in contributing to child labor, slavery, and human trafficking, the chocolate industry has not taken significant steps to remedy the problem. A series of alliances and oversight boards may create good public relations, but cloud the fact hat the industry has the power to end the use of child labor and slave labor by paying cocoa farmers a living wage for their product. The chocolate industry is also being called upon to develo p and financially support programs to rescue and rehabilitate children who have been sold to cocoa farms.To date, the industry has not committed to developing such a program. [9] chocolate_content2Are the Labels on Chocolate Meaningful? Aside from large-scale production in West Africa, a significant amount of cocoa is also grown in Latin America. This is where the majority of organic cocoa originates. 10] At this time, child labor and/or slave labor have not been documented on these cocoa farms. While it remains possible that some Latin American farms may employ these practices, it is unlikely and certainly not widespread as is the case in West Africa.The truth is that consumers today have no sure way of knowing if the chocolate they are buying involved the use of child labor or slave labor. There are many different labels on chocolate bars today, such as Fair Trade Certified, however, no single label can guarantee that the chocolate was made without the use of exploitive labor. In 010, the founders of the Fair Trade Certification process had to suspend several of their West African suppliers due to evidence that they were using child labor. 3] address the root causes of â€Å"the worst forms of child labor† and slavery in West Africa. However, the success of these efforts will depend greatly on the genuine support or lack thereof from the chocolate industry over the coming years. Recommendations It is important to offer ways in which people can make decisions to do their best to not contribute to injustices and cruelties involved in the food industry. This issue is a ery difficult one to fully access as the most serious abuses are taking place across the world.However, that does not mean our responsibility is diminished since chocolate is indeed a luxury (though some might feel differently) and not a necessity like fruits and vegetables. Taking all of this into consideration and looking at the research that is available, at this time F. E. P. recommend s that people do not buy any chocolate sourced from areas in West African where child slavery is the most pervasive. Questions : What are the systemic, corporate and individual ethical issues raised by this case? In your view, is the kind of child slavery discussed in this case absolutely wrong nomatter what, or is it only relatively wrong, i. e. , if one happens to live in a society (likeours) that disapproves of slavery? 3. Who shares in the moral responsibility for the slavery occurring in the chocolateindustry: African farmers? African governments? American chocolate companies likeHershey, Mars, Nestle and Kraft foods? Distributors like Archer Daniels Midland Co. ,Barry Callebaut, and Cargill Inc? Consumers like you and I who know about thesituation but continue to purchase tainted chocolate?

Erik Erikson and Adult Learning Essay

Born on June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt, Germany, Erik Erikson was regarded as a major influence in contemporary psychoanalysis. Erikson was interested in arts so he moved to Florence after finishing high school. In 1927, he taught arts in a school psychoanalytically influenced children school spearheaded by Dorothy Burlingham and Freud’s daughter, Anna, in Vienna (Erikson Institute, 2003). This move would have a major influence in the life and works of Erik Erikson. Upon recognizing that he has skills with children, Anna Freud, Sigmund’s daughter, placed him under her wings and began teaching him. Eventually, he trained and eventually received certification from Vienna Psychoanalytic Society.   After getting certified by Maria Montessori School, he underwent training in psychoanalysis at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute. In 1936, he became a member of the Institute of Human Relations, which is a branch of the Psychiatry Department of Yale University (Erikson Institute, 2003). Major Contribution in Psychology Erik Erikson became famous because of his eight stages of development. According to him, every stage in a man’s life is accompanied by certain psychological conflicts. He theorized that the development of personality of an individual is a life long process. The events they encounter in the latter stages of life can treat early childhood problems. His eight stages of development explained why an individual who was not able to resolve a childhood problem finds it difficult to resolve it during adulthood (Erikson Institute, 2003). Each stage of life is important because how well the child performed during the previous phase determined how they can cope with the next stages. Erikson called this the epigenetic principle (Boeree, 2006).   Erik Erikson authored several books that explained his theory, the most notable of which is Childhood and Society which was released in 1950. In 1969, Erikson won the Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award for his book Gandhi’s Truth, which delved on the application of the eight stages of development in the latter portion of an individual’s life cycle(NNDB, n.d). Stage Six: Intimacy vs. Isolation This is the sixth stage in Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial phases of development. It takes place from 18 to 30 years old. In general, the child faces the dilemma of achieving intimacy or staying isolated. This stage likewise involves a struggle for promiscuity, which is a trait of being too close for comfort and not being able to follow through with the momentum, versus exclusion, which is characterized by rejection of relationships (Boeree, 2006). Intimacy, according to Erikson, is the ability to develop social relationships with other people either as a partner, friend, or member of a community. If the child was able to develop a clear picture of themselves during the early stages, they should no longer be intimidated by other people (Sante Fe Community College, n.d). According to this stage, when an individual has established a strong sense of identity, they can start expanding to the people around him. Intimacy is best seen in a person’s capacity to enter relationships, making friends, getting married, and finally settling down. An individual who successfully pass through this stage can experience feels comfortable with relationships and has a strong sense of commitment (Santa Fe Community College, n.d). On the other hand, the consequence of being unsuccessful in completing this stage of development is isolation. The individual is not comfortable with being with friends, entering relationships, or being intimate with another person. Isolation results from the failure to establish self-identity (Niolon, n.d). A child who experiences isolation prefers to be alone excludes themselves from the company of others. The end result of isolation, in the context of Erikson’s stages of development, is loneliness, despair, or depression. People who are unable to successfully pass this stage prefer working on lowly jobs which offer below minimum wage (AllPsychOnline, 2004). References AllPsychOnline(2004 March 21). Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development. Retrieved June 26   Ã‚  Ã‚   2008 from Boeree, G. Erik Erikson. Retrieved June 26 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Erikson Institute(2003 May 1). Erik Erikson(1902-1994). Retrieved June 26 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   NNDB(n.d). Erik Erikson. Retrieved June 26 2008 from   Ã‚   Niolin, R(n.d). Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development. Resources for Students and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Professionals. Retrieved June 26 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Santa Fe Community College(n.d). Self-Reflections on Young Adulthood using Erikson’s Theory of   Ã‚  Ã‚   Psychosocial Development. Retrieved June 26 2008 from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

The Problem Of The World War II - 845 Words

â€Å"Does this look like an expensive gift to you, Ariana?† Tia asked as I sat down in the seat between her and Tre. Regrettably, we were unable to walk to class together like we normally do because I was stopped to help settle a debate between a history professor and a couple of math professors over the years World War II was fought in. Somehow the history professor thought the war occurred in the early 1800s and has been flunking complaining students because of the mistake. I’m starting to question whether or not if a handful of the professors hired at this school are actually certified to teach. I closely examined the bizarre artifact in question sitting in front of her. Checking every curve, every angle, every dimension possible, I was stumped. â€Å"What is it to begin with? A flowering vase?† â€Å"Good eyes you have there, Ariana,† Michael said, chuckling. â€Å"It’s a rare, state of the arts, Chinese porcelain vase that was carefully handc rafted, coated with the world’s finest paints, and has an estimated value of three to four million dollars. At least that’s what the expert at the shop I went to said.† â€Å"In what world would you think I would be happy to receive a fucking vase?† Tia asked in an angry, yet calming tone. Roughly sliding the ‘priceless’ object to the edge of the table, she massaged the bridge of her nose in frustration. â€Å"I hate flowers. I hate vases. I hate dumbass people who go down to the dollar antique shop and get scammed by the owner. You should know this byShow MoreRelatedCauses And Consequences Of World War II908 Words   |  4 PagesOf all the wars that the world has seen happen, none have been more catastrophic than the terrible world war II. But what were the causes of this war? 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